scholarly journals The Mucosal and Serological Immune Responses to the Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccines

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee W. Y. Chan ◽  
Shaojun Liu ◽  
Jonathan Y. Cheung ◽  
Joseph G. S. Tsun ◽  
Kate C. Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Epithelial Lining Fluid ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin ◽  
Additional Protection ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Systemic Responses

BackgroundAlthough the serological antibody responses induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are well characterized, little is known about their ability to elicit mucosal immunity.ObjectivesThis study aims to examine and compare the mucosal and systemic responses of recipients of two different vaccination platforms: mRNA (Comirnaty) and inactivated virus (CoronaVac).MethodsSerial blood and nasal epithelial lining fluid (NELF) samples were collected from the recipients of either Comirnaty or CoronaVac. The plasma and NELF immunoglobulins A and G (IgA and IgG) specific to SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein (S1) and their neutralization effects were quantified.ResultsComirnaty induced nasal S1-specific immunoglobulin responses, which were evident as early as 14 ± 2 days after the first dose. In 64% of the subjects, the neutralizing effects of NELF persisted for at least 50 days. Moreover, 85% of Comirnaty recipients exhibited S1-specific IgA and IgG responses in plasma by 14 ± 2 days after the first dose. By 7 ± 2 days after the booster, all plasma samples possessed S1-specific IgA and IgG responses and were neutralizing. The induction of S1-specific plasma antibodies by CoronaVac was IgG dominant, and 83% of the subjects possessed S1-specific IgG by 7 ± 2 days after the booster, with neutralizing effects.ConclusionComirnaty induces S1-specific IgA and IgG responses with neutralizing activity in the nasal mucosa; a similar response is not seen with CoronaVac.Clinical ImplicationThe presence of a nasal response with mRNA vaccine may provide additional protection compared with inactivated virus vaccine. However, whether such widespread immunological response may produce inadvertent adverse effects in other tissues warrants further investigation.

scholarly journals Study on the mucosal and serological immune response to the Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee WY Chan ◽  
Shaojun Liu ◽  
Jonathan Y Cheung ◽  
Joseph GS Tsun ◽  
Kate CC Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Mucosal Immune Response ◽  
The Novel ◽  
First Line ◽  
Epithelial Lining Fluid ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Response Profiles ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Systemic Responses

Vaccines that elicit mucosal immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 could potentially be of exceptional importance in providing first line defense at the site of viral entry. The serological antibody response induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have already been well characterized. In order to understand the mucosal immune response profiles of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, we examined both the mucosal and systemic responses of subjects vaccinated by two different vaccination platforms: mRNA (Comirnaty) and inactivated virus (CoronaVac). Serial nasal epithelial lining fluid (NELF) and peripheral blood samples were collected in ten subjects who had received CoronaVac and thirty-two subjects who had received Comirnaty. We quantified IgA and IgG specific to SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein by ELISA in NELF and plasma samples. The neutralization effect of these two sample types were evaluated by surrogate ACE-SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein ELISA. Only Comirnaty induced nasal SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein-specific (S1-specific) IgA and IgG responses, which were evident as early as on 14 days after the first dose. The NELF samples of 72% of subjects became IgA+IgG+, while in 62.5% of subjects the samples were neutralizing by 7 days after the second dose. In 45% of the subjects their NELF remained neutralizing 50 days after the booster of Comirnaty. In plasma, 91% and 100% Comirnaty subjects possessed S1-specific IgA+IgG+ on 14 days after the first dose and 7 days after booster, respectively. The plasma collected on 7 days after booster was 100% neutralizing. The induction of S1-specific antibody by CoronaVac was IgG dominant, and 70% of the subjects possessed S1-specific IgG by 7 days after booster and were all neutralizing. This study reveals that Comirnaty is able to induce S1-specific IgA and IgG response with neutralizing activity in the nasal mucosa in addition to a consistent systemic response. The clinical implications and the biological mechanism of an additional nasal immune response induced by vaccines such as Comirnaty warrant further investigation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Food Specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG)-Guided Exclusion Diet in the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Inflammatory Bowel disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Hulya Uzunismail
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Exclusion Diet ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Specific Igg Antibodies

From the beginning of this century, symptomatic improvements in different disorders with food specific immunoglobulin G (IgG)-guided exclusion diet have been reported. Most of them belong to gastrointestinal tract such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although this diet has given a chance of symptomatic improvement as the main treatment in IBS or adjuvant therapy in IBD, it is still a matter of debate. Presence of food specific IgG antibodies also in healthy individuals and the use of IgG4 antibodies, known as protective antibodies against excessive immune responses in some of these studies are the main causes of these controversies. Additionally, there is no definite nomenclature for the reaction mediated by food specific IgG antibodies, the name of food intolerance is often used and it makes confusion by evoking non-immune adverse food reactions. Finally, the underlying mechanisms of these improvements have not been fully elucidated yet. Removal of foods that cause intensive immune responses or non-IgE-mediated allergic reactions or increased mast cell activation through IgG-food antigen complexes are among the suggested mechanisms. The effectiveness of this diet, opposing views and possible mechanisms to explain symptomatic improvements are focused in this manuscript

scholarly journals Protective Immunity against COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjali Priyadarshini ◽  
Archana Gupta ◽  
Manoj Kumar Yadav ◽  
Arpana Vibhuti ◽  
Ramendra Pati Pandey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Target Effects

Tuberculosis and Covid-19 infection measure two quite different diseases- TB is caused by a sort of bacterium whereas Covid-19 is caused by a virus. However, the BCG immunizing agent would possibly facilitate individuals build immune responses to things aside from TB, inflicting "off-target effects," In different words, in run format, individuals started learning positive in obtaining the immunizing agent that had nothing to try and do with TB, several studies showed however the BCG immunizing agent affects individuals with kind one although the precise mechanism for these off-target effects of the BCG immunizing agent is not clear, it's believed that the immunizing agent will cause a nonspecific boost of the reaction. There is presently no immunizing agent or treatments approved by the United States of America Food and Drug Administration for the novel coronavirus. BCG is usually innocuous with the most facet impact the event of inflammation at the positioning of injection. Supported by these observations BCG so emerges as a possible candidate for the development of innate and adjustive reactions which can be non-specifically taking care of mycobacterium and different infectious agents against that vaccine remains not on the market.

scholarly journals Bioaerosol Size Effect in COVID-19 Transmission

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Guzman
Keyword(s):  
Immunological Response ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Submicron Particles ◽  
General Interest ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Public ◽  
Aerodynamic Particle Size ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The fast spread of COVID-19 constitutes a worldwide challenge to the public health, educational, and trade systems, affecting the overall wellbeing of human societies. The high transmission and mortality rates of this virus, and the unavailability of a vaccine and antidote, resulted in the decision of multiple governments to force measurements of social distancing. Thus, it is of general interest to consider the validity of the proposal for keeping a social distancing of at least 6.0 ft (1.8 m) from persons with COVID-19. The eventual exposure to the bioaerosol can result in the deposition o the pathogen in the respiratory track of the host causing disease and an immunological response. In the atmospheric context, the work evaluates the effect of aerodynamic particle size in carrying RNA copies of the novel coronavirus. A COVID-19 carrier person talking, sneezing, or coughing at distance of 1.8 m can still provide a pathogenic bioaerosol load with submicron particles that remain viable in air for up to 3 hours for exposure of healthy persons near and far the source in a stagnant environment. The deposited bioaerosol creates contaminated surfaces, which if touched can act as a path to introduce the pathogen by mouth, nose, or eyes and cause disease.

scholarly journals Anticoronavirus and Immunomodulatory Phenolic Compounds: Opportunities and Pharmacotherapeutic Perspectives

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1254
Author(s):  
Naiara Naiana Dejani ◽  
Hatem A. Elshabrawy ◽  
Carlos da Silva Maia Bezerra Filho ◽  
Damião Pergentino de Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Dual Action ◽  
Natural Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

In 2019, COVID-19 emerged as a severe respiratory disease that is caused by the novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease has been associated with high mortality rate, especially in patients with comorbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular and kidney diseases. This could be attributed to dysregulated immune responses and severe systemic inflammation in COVID-19 patients. The use of effective antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and modulation of the immune responses could be a potential therapeutic strategy for COVID-19. Studies have shown that natural phenolic compounds have several pharmacological properties, including anticoronavirus and immunomodulatory activities. Therefore, this review discusses the dual action of these natural products from the perspective of applicability at COVID-19.

scholarly journals Severe COVID-19 and Sepsis: Immune Pathogenesis and Laboratory Markers

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Mai M. Zafer ◽  
Hadir A. El-Mahallawy ◽  
Hossam M. Ashour
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Dynamic Events ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Plasma Leakage ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The ongoing outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has taken a significant toll on people and countries all over the world. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 has not been completely elucidated yet. This includes the interplay between inflammation and coagulation which needs further investigation. The massive production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines results in the so-called cytokine storm, leading to plasma leakage, vascular hyperpermeability, and disseminated vascular coagulation. This is usually accompanied by multiorgan failure. The extensive changes in the serum levels of cytokines are thought to play a crucial role in the COVID-19 pathogenesis. Additionally, the viral load and host inflammation factors are believed to have a significant role in host damage, particularly lung damage, from SARS-CoV-2. Interestingly, patients exhibit quantitative and qualitative differences in their immune responses to the virus, which can impact the clinical manifestation and outcomes of COVID-19. There needs to be a better understanding of the dynamic events that involve immune responses, inflammatory reactions, and viral replication in the context of the COVID-19 infection. Here, we discuss the main aspects of COVID-19 pathogenesis while supporting the hypothesis that inflammatory immune responses are involved in the progression of the disease to a more critical and fatal phase. We also explore the similarities and differences between severe COVID-19 and sepsis. A deeper understanding of the COVID-19 clinical picture as it relates to better-known conditions such as sepsis can provide useful clues for the management, prevention, and therapy of the disease.

scholarly journals COVID-19, the novel coronavirus 2019: current updates and the future

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 1939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooja Singh ◽  
Shashank Kumar Srivastav ◽  
Akhil Mittal ◽  
Mansukhjeet Singh
Keyword(s):  
Rna Virus ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Serological Testing ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Viral Culture ◽  
The Common ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Viral Sequencing ◽  
Near Future

COVID-19 is a new strain that has not been previously identified in humans. It is large, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus. The clinical features range from the common cold to more severe diseases i.e., MERS and SARS. Incubation period ranges between 1-12.5 days (median 5-6 days). As on 07 March, 2020 total confirmed cases are 1,01,927 with 3486 deaths in 93 countries/territories/areas. The various lab tests for COVID-19 virus are NAAT, serological testing, viral sequencing and viral culture. Many aspects of this virus is still not understood. The authors in this article describe studies to know the pathogenesis as well as immunological response with use of animal methods. Authors also discuss genetic engineering, evaluation of activation and inflammatory activity of myeloid cells during pathogenic human coronavirus, etc. that can help in prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in near future.

scholarly journals Delivery Routes for COVID-19 Vaccines

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 524
Author(s):  
Jang Hyun Park ◽  
Heung Kyu Lee
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Vector ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Mucosal Vaccination ◽  
The Status ◽  
Delivery Routes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, has resulted in a pandemic with millions of deaths. To eradicate SARS-CoV-2 and prevent further infections, many vaccine candidates have been developed. These vaccines include not only traditional subunit vaccines and attenuated or inactivated viral vaccines but also nucleic acid and viral vector vaccines. In contrast to the diversity in the platform technology, the delivery of vaccines is limited to intramuscular vaccination. Although intramuscular vaccination is safe and effective, mucosal vaccination could improve the local immune responses that block the spread of pathogens. However, a lack of understanding of mucosal immunity combined with the urgent need for a COVID-19 vaccine has resulted in only intramuscular vaccinations. In this review, we summarize the history of vaccines, current progress in COVID-19 vaccine technology, and the status of intranasal COVID-19 vaccines. Future research should determine the most effective route for vaccine delivery based on the platform and determine the mechanisms that underlie the efficacy of different delivery routes.

scholarly journals Longitudinal analysis of humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Spike in convalescent individuals up to 8 months post-symptom onset

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sai Priya Anand ◽  
Jérémie Prévost ◽  
Manon Nayrac ◽  
Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières ◽  
Mehdi Benlarbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Memory B Cells ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Over Time

AbstractFunctional and lasting immune responses to the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) are currently under intense investigation as antibody titers in plasma have been shown to decline during convalescence. Since the absence of antibodies does not equate to absence of immune memory, we sought to determine the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B cells in COVID-19 convalescent patients. In this study, we report on the evolution of the overall humoral immune responses on 101 blood samples obtained from 32 COVID-19 convalescent patients between 16 and 233 days post-symptom onset. Our observations indicate that anti-Spike and anti-RBD IgM in plasma decay rapidly, whereas the reduction of IgG is less prominent. Neutralizing activity in convalescent plasma declines rapidly compared to Fc-effector functions. Concomitantly, the frequencies of RBD-specific IgM+ B cells wane significantly when compared to RBD-specific IgG+ B cells, which increase over time, and the number of IgG+ memory B cells which remain stable thereafter for up to 8 months after symptoms onset. With the recent approval of highly effective vaccines for COVID-19, data on the persistence of immune responses are of central importance. Even though overall circulating SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific antibodies contract over time during convalescence, we demonstrate that RBD-specific B cells increase and persist up to 8 months post symptom onset. We also observe modest increases in RBD-specific IgG+ memory B cells and importantly, detectable IgG and sustained Fc-effector activity in plasma over the 8-month period. Our results add to the current understanding of immune memory following SARS-CoV-2 infection, which is critical for the prevention of secondary infections, vaccine efficacy and herd immunity against COVID-19.

scholarly journals Mucosal antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in paediatric and adult patients: a longitudinal study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee Chan ◽  
Kate C Chan ◽  
Grace CY Lui ◽  
Joseph GS Tsun ◽  
Kathy YY Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Complementary Information ◽  
Epithelial Lining Fluid ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Mucosal Antibody ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin ◽  
Specific Igg

Conjunctival and nasal mucosal antibody responses in thirty-four paediatric and forty-seven adult COVID-19 patients were measured. The mucosal antibody was IgA dominant. In the nasal epithelial lining fluid (NELF) of asymptomatic paediatric patients, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1 (S1) specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) was induced early. Their plasma S1-specific IgG levels were higher than symptomatic patients. More adult with mild disease had NELF S1-specific IgA than those with severe/critical illness. Within the first week of diagnosis, higher S1-specific antibodies in NELF and plasma and lower vial loads were detected in paediatric than adult patients with mild disease. The IgA and IgG levels correlated positively with the surrogate neutralization readout. The detectable NELF neutralizing S1-specific IgA in the first week after diagnosis correlated with a rapid decline in viral load. This study highlights the effect of nasal IgA in limiting the SARS-CoV-2 replication and provides complementary information to the serum antibody measurements.

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