scholarly journals Plant neighborhood shapes diversity and reduces interspecific variation of the phyllosphere microbiome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Matthew Meyer ◽  
Robert Porch ◽  
Isabella E Muscettola ◽  
Ana Luisa S Vasconcelos ◽  
Julia K Sherman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neighborhood Effects ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Community Profiling ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Local Plant ◽  
Inoculation Study ◽  
Over Time

Microbial communities associated with plant leaf surfaces (i.e. the phyllosphere) are increasingly recognized for their role in plant health. While accumulating evidence suggests a role for host filtering of its microbiota, far less is known about how community composition is shaped by dispersal, including from neighboring plants. We experimentally manipulated the local plant neighborhood within which tomato, pepper, or bean plants were grown in a three-month field trial. Focal plants were grown in the presence of con- or hetero-specific neighbors (or no neighbors) in a fully factorial combination. At 30-day intervals, focal plants were harvested and replaced with a new age- and species-matched cohort while allowing neighborhood plants to continue growing. 16S community profiling revealed that the strength of host filtering effects (i.e. interspecific differences in composition) decreased over time. In contrast, the strength of neighborhood effects increased over time, suggesting dispersal from neighboring plants becomes more important as neighboring plant biomass increases. We next implemented a cross-inoculation study in the greenhouse using inoculum generated from the field plants to directly test host filtering of microbiomes while controlling for directionality and source of dispersal. This experiment further demonstrated that focal host species, the host from which the microbiome came, and in one case the donor hosts' neighbors, contribute to variation in phyllosphere bacterial composition. Overall, our results suggest that local dispersal is a key factor in phyllosphere assembly, and that demographic factors such as nearby neighbor identity and biomass or age are important determinants of phyllosphere microbiome diversity.

scholarly journals Divergent Accumulation of Microbial Residues and Amino Sugars in Loess Soil after Six Years of Different Inorganic Nitrogen Enrichment Scenarios

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 5788
Author(s):  
Dominic Kwadwo Anning ◽  
Zhilong Li ◽  
Huizhen Qiu ◽  
Delei Deng ◽  
Chunhong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Amino Sugar ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Sugar Accumulation ◽  
Amino Sugars ◽  
N Enrichment ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Microbial Residues

Amino sugars are key microbial biomarkers for determining the contribution of microbial residues in soil organic matter (SOM). However, it remains largely unclear as to what extent inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilization can lead to the significant degradation of SOM in alkaline agricultural soils. A six-year field experiment was conducted from 2013 to 2018 to evaluate the effects of chronic N enrichment on microbial residues, amino sugars, and soil biochemical properties under four nitrogen (urea, 46% N) fertilization scenarios: 0 (no-N, control), 75 (low-N), 225 (medium-N), and 375 (high-N) kg N ha−1. The results showed that chronic N enrichment stimulated microbial residues and amino sugar accumulation over time. The medium-N treatment increased the concentration of muramic acid (15.77%), glucosamine (13.55%), galactosamine (18.84%), bacterial residues (16.88%), fungal residues (11.31%), and total microbial residues (12.57%) compared to the control in 2018; however, these concentrations were comparable to the high-N treatment concentrations. The ratio of glucosamine to galactosamine and of glucosamine to muramic acid decreased over time due to a larger increase in bacterial residues as compared to fungal residues. Microbial biomass, soil organic carbon, and aboveground plant biomass positively correlated with microbial residues and amino sugar components. Chronic N enrichment improved the soil biochemical properties and aboveground plant biomass, which stimulated microbial residues and amino sugar accumulation over time.

Evaluation of System Reconfigurability Based on Usable Excess

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D. Allen ◽  
Jason D. Watson ◽  
Christopher A. Mattson ◽  
Scott M. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Assembly Line ◽  
Assembly Lines ◽  
Automated Assembly ◽  
Complex Engineered Systems ◽  
Future Needs ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Engineered Systems ◽  
Over Time

The challenge of designing complex engineered systems with long service lives can be daunting. As customer needs change over time, such systems must evolve to meet these needs. This paper presents a method for evaluating the reconfigurability of systems to meet future needs. Specifically we show that excess capability is a key factor in evaluating the reconfigurability of a system to a particular need, and that the overall system reconfigurability is a function of the system’s reconfigurability to all future needs combined. There are many examples of complex engineered systems; for example, aircraft, ships, communication systems, spacecraft and automated assembly lines. These systems cost millions of dollars to design and millions to replicate. They often need to stay in service for a long time. However, this is often limited by an inability to adapt to meet future needs. Using an automated assembly line as an example, we show that system reconfigurability can be modeled as a function of usable excess capability.

Infection of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus L. s.l.) by Triaenophorus crassus Forel (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea): a case study in parasite control

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1187-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per-Arne Amundsen ◽  
Roar Kristoffersen
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Final Host ◽  
Coregonus Lavaretus ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Dramatic Decline ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Intensive Fishing ◽  
Over Time

A case study of Triaenophorus crassus control in two sympatric whitefish populations was carried out in Stuorajavri, northern Norway. The densities of whitefish and pike were markedly reduced by an intensive fishing programme and during the 6 years of investigation, a dramatic decline in T. crassus infection of whitefish was observed. The mechanisms involved in parasite control were elucidated by studying the differences in infestation over time between T. crassus and a related cestode, Diphyllobothrium ditremum, in the two whitefish populations. Reduction in population density of the final host, pike, is suggested as being the key factor in control of T. crassus. Exploitation and reduction of whitefish population density contributed to decreased infection in one of the whitefish populations by influencing its acquisition of parasites via a change in its food selection.

Four Models for Corporate Transformative, Open Innovation

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Boni ◽  
Diana Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Open Innovation ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Model Choice ◽  
Innovation Ecosystem ◽  
Developmental Status ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Innovation Capacity ◽  
Over Time

Four models are identified for organizations to pursue simultaneous core growth and transformative innovation leveraging open innovation principles: 1) corporate accelerators —engage with or create autonomous startups; 2) external startup platforms — engage with startups through established third parties, 3) consortia or alliances — leverage resources of peers and emergent players across the innovation ecosystem; and; 4) direct entrepreneurial approach -- work from within the organization to develop new units. We identify “innovation maturity” as the key factor to select which model is most appropriate for the organization. Additional considerations include the resources, processes and values of the organization, and the developmental status of the transformative technology. Model choice(s) are dynamic and can evolve over time as the innovation capacity of the organization matures and adapts to change.

Causes and consequences of resource heterogeneity in forests: interspecific variation in light transmission by canopy trees

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles D. Canham ◽  
Adrien C. Finzi ◽  
Stephen W. Pacala ◽  
Diane H. Burbank
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Light Extinction ◽  
Southern New England ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Tolerant Species ◽  
Shade Tolerant Species ◽  
Successional Species ◽  
Unit Depth

We have analyzed the light transmission characteristics of the nine deciduous and coniferous species that dominate the transition oak–northern hardwood forests of southern New England. Maximum likelihood techniques were used to estimate species-specific light extinction coefficients, using fish-eye photography combined with data on the locations and geometry of trees in the neighborhood around each photo point. Quantum sensors were also used to quantify interspecific variation in the importance of sunflecks and beam enrichment. Variation in light extinction was closely correlated with shade tolerance and successional status of the species. The most shade-tolerant species (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh. and Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr.) cast the deepest shade (<2% of full sun), while earlier successional species such as Quercusrubra L. and Fraxinusamericana L. allowed greater light penetration (>5% full sun). These differences were more closely related to differences in crown depth than to differences in light extinction per unit depth of crown. Sunflecks contributed relatively little radiation beneath late successional species (<10% of total understory photosynthetically active radiation), but represented a major fraction (40–50%) of radiation beneath less shade-tolerant species. Using growth and mortality functions for the same species developed in a related study, our results indicate that saplings of all of the species have high survivorship in the shade cast by conspecific adults. However, only the three most shade-tolerant species have low rates of sapling mortality under the low light levels characteristic of stands dominated by late successional species. Our results are consistent with previously reported models, which propose that secondary succession is driven by interspecific differences in resource uptake and tolerance.

Patterns and correlates of interspecific variation in foliar insect herbivory and pathogen attack in Brazilian cerrado

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT J. MARQUIS ◽  
IVONE R. DINIZ ◽  
HELENA C. MORAIS
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Mature Leaf ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Leaf Toughness ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Pathogen Attack

Patterns of insect herbivore and leaf pathogen attack are described for 25 plant species (10 trees, 10 shrubs and five herbs) at a Brazilian savanna (cerrado) site. Plant and leaf traits were correlated with interspecific variation in attack by herbivores and pathogens in order to account for differences among plant species. Across all species, pathogen damage was 1.5 times higher than insect damage (17.3% vs. 6.8%, respectively). Most insect damage occurred to young leaves while they were expanding (end of the dry season). In contrast, pathogen attack was low on young expanding leaves at the end of the dry season, increased as those leaves matured in the wet season, but continued to increase through the next dry season. Protein-binding capacity was negatively associated with interspecific differences in insect damage to mature leaves. Protein availability and plant height were positive predictors of pathogen attack among plant species, while leaf expansion rate was a significant negative predictor. Interspecific differences in leaf phenology had little effect on the amount of damage caused by either insects or pathogens. However, new leaves produced during the wet season suffered less insect damage than leaves produced during the dry season, the time of greatest leaf production. Timing of young leaf production affected pathogen attack but the season of escape depended on plant species. In contrast, there was no evidence for escape in space as common species were less likely to suffer high pathogen attack than rare species. New and mature leaf toughness, and time for a leaf to reach full expansion all increased from herbs to shrub to trees, while mature leaf nitrogen decreased in that order.

The Numerical Simulation of Moisture Transportation in Unsaturated Concrete of Underwater Tunnel

2013 ◽  
Vol 275-277 ◽  
pp. 1190-1193
Author(s):  
Yuan Zhu Zhang ◽  
Xiao Zhen Li ◽  
Xin Jiang Wei
Keyword(s):  
Water Saturation ◽  
Nonlinear Partial Differential Equation ◽  
Moisture Diffusion ◽  
Tunnel Wall ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Underwater Concrete ◽  
Underwater Tunnel ◽  
Over Time

Moisture transportation is a key factor to affect the long-term safety of underwater concrete tunnel. According to the inside and outside environment of tunnel, the moisture transportation equation in unsaturated concrete of underwater tunnel was raised. Finite difference method was adopted to solve the nonlinear partial differential equation of moisture diffusion. The study shows that the changes of water saturation in concrete are mainly concentrated in the surface of tunnel wall and amplitude is gradually slowing down over time. Saturation changes greater in the outside than inside. The wetting state is more obvious than drying state.

scholarly journals Woody flora of natural forest gaps in a bamboo-dominated forest remnant in southwestern Amazonia

Check List ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1891
Author(s):  
Álisson Sobrinho Maranho ◽  
Cleber Ibraim Salimon ◽  
Daniel Da Silva Costa
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Forest Gaps ◽  
Threat Status ◽  
Forest Remnant ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Local Plant ◽  
Brazilian Flora ◽  
Southwestern Amazonia

Abstract: Forest gaps, created by the falling of one or more trees, have been seen as a key factor for the maintenance of local plant diversity in tropical forests. In this study, our goal was to determine the floristic composition of woody plants colonizing natural gaps and in the understory of an open, bamboo-dominated (Guadua weberbaueri Pilg.) forest in southwestern Amazonia, Acre, Brazil. We sampled and identified woody plants (≥1 m tall and DBH≤10 cm) in 20 forest gaps and nine adjacent understories. In total, 1656 plants were identified in 159 species, 116 genera and 45 families. A list of species was created, containing habitat, habit, functional group, threat status (Brazilian Flora Red List) and abundance data for each species.

scholarly journals Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome from the Theory of "Yigui Homology"

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Zhao ◽  
Mei Chen ◽  
Nan Li
Keyword(s):  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Simultaneous Treatment ◽  
Abnormal Pregnancy ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Yin And Yang ◽  
Kidney Essence ◽  
Over Time

Traditional medicine believes that emotional, room labor and other factors lead to the lack of blood circulation after the weather, and the consumption of Yin blood is too much, which can lead to the deficiency of blood essence. Over time, the deficiency of menstrual blood can not nourish the kidney essence, leading to abnormal pregnancy. The liver is congenital for women, and the kidney is congenital. The disharmony of liver and kidney is the key factor of women's disease. Starting from the "homology of Yi and GUI", this paper analyzes the main etiology and pathogenesis of the disease from three aspects: deficiency of blood essence, imbalance of Zang and Xie, and Yin not controlling Yang. Following the principle of simultaneous treatment of liver and kidney, starting from the three methods of "regulating and tonifying liver and kidney, tonifying kidney and activating blood circulation, and balancing yin and Yang", the liver and kidney are reconciled, and pregnancy is sometimes the best choice. The main purpose is to benefit PCOS patients.

scholarly journals Effects of phosphorus, indolebutyric acid and naphthylphthalamic acid on the lateral root growth of Poncirus trifoliata

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 13-16
Author(s):  
Gong Tian-zhi ◽  
Zhang De-jian
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Trifoliate Orange ◽  
Indolebutyric Acid ◽  
Auxin Signaling Pathway ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Naphthylphthalamic Acid

To explore the influence of phosphorus (P), indolebutyric acid (IBA, Auxin) and Naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA, Auxin transport inhibitor) on plant lateral root (LR) formation, Poncirus trifoliata seedlings at two P levels, low P (LP) and control treatment (CK), which was applied with IBA and NPA, and the regulative effects of P level, IBA and NPA on LR formation of trifoliate orange were investigated. The results showed that LP level significantly reduced the plant biomass, LR number and length. NPA significantly decreased the plant biomass, LR number and length, while IBA did not significantly influence these parameters. These data suggested that auxin signaling pathway could be involved in the regulation of P level on LR formation, and the auxin transportation should be the key factor in LR formation of trifoliate orange.

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