scholarly journals Higher Hospitalization and Mortality Rates Among SARS-CoV-2 infected Persons in Rural America

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Jerrod Anzalone ◽  
Ronald Horswell ◽  
Brian Hendricks ◽  
San Chu ◽  
William Hillegass ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Rural America ◽  
Inpatient Mortality ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Hospital Systems

IMPORTANCE: Rural communities are among the most underserved and resource-scarce populations in the United States (US), yet there are limited data on COVID-19 mortality in rural America. Furthermore, rural data are rarely centralized, precluding comparability across urban and rural regions. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to assess hospitalization rates and all-cause inpatient mortality among persons with definitive COVID-19 diagnoses residing in rural and urban areas. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This retrospective cohort study from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) examines a cohort of 573,018 patients from 27 US hospital systems presenting with SARS-CoV-2 infection between January 2020 and March 2021, of whom 117,897 were hospitalized. A sample of 450,725 hospitalized persons without COVID-19 diagnoses was identified for comparison. EXPOSURES: ZIP Codes provided by source hospital systems were classified by urban-rural gradient through a crosswalk to the US Department of Agriculture Rural-Urban Commuting Area Codes. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Primary outcomes were hospitalization and all-cause mortality among hospitalized patients. Kaplan-Meier analysis and mixed effects logistic regression were used to estimate 30-day survival in hospitalized patients and associations between rurality, hospitalization, and inpatient mortality while controlling for major risk factors. RESULTS: Rural patients were more likely to be older, white, have higher body mass index, and diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 later in the pandemic compared with their urban counterparts. Rural compared with urban inhabitants had higher rates of hospitalization (23% vs. 19%) and all-cause mortality among hospitalized patients (16% vs. 11%). After adjustment for demographic and baseline differences, rural residents (both urban adjacent and non-adjacent) with COVID-19 were more likely to be hospitalized (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 1.41, 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.37-1.45 and AOR 1.42, CI 1.35-1.50) and to die or be transferred to hospice (AOR 1.62, CI 1.30-1.49 and 1.38, CI 1.30-1.49), respectively. Similar differences in mortality were noted for hospitalized patients without SARS-CoV-2 infection. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalization and inpatient mortality are higher among rural compared with urban persons with COVID-19, even after adjusting for several factors, including age and comorbidities. Further research is needed to understand the factors that drive health disparities in rural populations.

TURNING FARMERS INTO SOCIAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURS FOR DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Runcan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
Rural And Urban

According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”

scholarly journals Rural tobacco use across the United States: How rural and urban areas differ, broken down by census regions and divisions

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan E. Roberts ◽  
Nathan J. Doogan ◽  
Allison N. Kurti ◽  
Ryan Redner ◽  
Diann E. Gaalema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

ICT

2014 ◽  
pp. 22-34
Author(s):  
Julián Briz ◽  
José María Duran ◽  
Isabel Felipe ◽  
Teresa Briz
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The University

Agriculture is facing new challenges in rural and urban areas, and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) may play a significant role. In this chapter, there is a background description of the ICT sector in the interface of urban and rural communities within the framework of agriculture. It describes some case analyses focused in agronomy and social sciences. In agronomy, the focuses are environment, food production, and pollution. In socioeconomics, there is a brief identification of ICT applications such as the collaboration between the university and firms. Considering the heterogeneousness of the analysis, the future research directions include different methods of studies for ICT programs (house of quality, structural organization, and others).

ICT-Supported Education for Sustainable Development of South Korean Rural Communities

2012 ◽  
pp. 769-785
Author(s):  
K. P. Joo
Keyword(s):  
Adult Education ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The South ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Rural And Urban

The rural communities in South Korea have faced serious challenges as the country has gradually opened the agricultural market and extended the conclusion of Free Trade Agreement with more and more countries. Moreover, due to the national socio-economic and political structures, South Korea has been undergoing the technological imbalance between rural and urban areas. In order to cope with these vital social challenges, the South Korean government has exerted considerable investment and effort in establishing ICT knowledge and skills as well as infrastructure in rural areas. Thus, conceptualizing ICT in the context of adult education, this chapter addresses three ICT-supported adult education programs oriented toward developing ICT skills and competencies of people in agricultural areas of South Korea. The South Korean cases of agricultural ICT education represent the vast and concentrated national efforts in integrating ICT across rural areas in this fast changing global situation.

Alcohol and Drug Use and Abuse among Indian-Americans: A Review of Issues and Sources

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Adrian Heidenreich
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alcohol And Drug Use ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Alcohol And Drug Abuse ◽  
Local Levels

There is much concern that alcohol and drug abuse are among the top problems in the United States generally, and also a “high priority” health and social problem among Indians. For that reason, there have been numerous programs of education, prevention, and treatment directed toward and developed in Indian communities. Nevertheless, many personnel at both national and local levels and in both rural and urban areas lack adequate acquaintance with pertinent conceptual issues and sources on alcohol and drug use and abuse among Indians specifically. The purpose of this article is to help remedy that lack by reviewing the range of literature and presenting an overview of some of the major perspectives which should inform any approach to Indian alcohol and drug use and abuse.

scholarly journals Trends in the Incidence of New‐Onset Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy Among Rural and Urban Areas in the United States, 2007 to 2019

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie A. Cameron ◽  
Ian Everitt ◽  
Laura E. Seegmiller ◽  
Lynn M. Yee ◽  
William A. Grobman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hypertensive Disorders Of Pregnancy ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Hypertensive Disorders ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
New Onset

Background Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are growing public health problems that contribute to maternal morbidity, mortality, and future risk of cardiovascular disease. Given established rural‐urban differences in maternal cardiovascular health, we described contemporary trends in new‐onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in the United States. Methods and Results We conducted a serial, cross‐sectional analysis of 51 685 525 live births to individuals aged 15 to 44 years from 2007 to 2019 using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Natality Database. We included gestational hypertension and preeclampsia/eclampsia in individuals without chronic hypertension and calculated the age‐adjusted incidence (95% CI) per 1000 live births overall and by urbanization status (rural or urban). We used Joinpoint software to identify inflection points and calculate rate of change. We quantified rate ratios to compare the relative incidence in rural compared with urban areas. Incidence (95% CI) of new‐onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy increased from 2007 to 2019 in both rural (48.6 [48.0–49.2] to 83.9 [83.1–84.7]) and urban (37.0 [36.8–37.2] to 77.2 [76.8–77.6]) areas. The rate of annual increase in new‐onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy was more rapid after 2014 with greater acceleration in urban compared with rural areas. Rate ratios (95% CI) comparing incidence of new‐onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in rural and urban areas decreased from 1.31 (1.30–1.33) in 2007 to 1.09 (1.08–1.10) in 2019. Conclusions Incidence of new‐onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy doubled from 2007 to 2019 with persistent rural‐urban differences highlighting the need for targeted interventions to improve the health of pregnant individuals and their offspring.

scholarly journals Pre-Pregnancy Hypertension Among Women in Rural and Urban Areas of the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (22) ◽  
pp. 2611-2619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie A. Cameron ◽  
Rebecca Molsberry ◽  
Jacob B. Pierce ◽  
Amanda M. Perak ◽  
William A. Grobman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pregnancy Hypertension ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

scholarly journals Metadiscourse in persuasive essays by elementary students in South Korea and the US

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Il-Hee Kim
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Persuasive Essays ◽  
The Us

AbstractThis study investigated metadiscourse in the persuasive essays of fourth graders from both urban and rural communities: 224 students in South Korea and 188 in the US. Each student was asked to write a persuasive essay in his or her native Korean or English in response to a story not previously read or discussed. Analysis with a taxonomy developed by Hyland (2004) indicated significant differences in the metadiscourse by country. In terms of interactive metadiscourse, South Korean students used more sentence-level transitions than U.S. students, who used more frame markers and endophoric markers. With regard to interactional metadiscourse, U.S. students used more hedges, boosters, engagement markers, and self-mentions in their essays. This study also compared the students′ essays by the type of community in which the writers lived. In the US the essays of students in rural communities contained more hedges, whereas those of students in urban areas included significantly more self-mentions. In South Korea, no significant difference was detected in the metadiscourse of students living in rural and urban areas.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document