scholarly journals Prior selfing occur in larger flowers in a mixed mating species with delayed selfing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kana Masuda ◽  
Atushi Ushimaru
Keyword(s):  
Flower Size ◽  
Reproductive Interference ◽  
Mixed Mating ◽  
Selfing Rate ◽  
Pollinator Limitation ◽  
Commelina Communis ◽  
Delayed Selfing ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Unexpected Findings

Theory predicts that prior self-pollination (prior selfing) should not evolve in mixed mating species that enable delayed selfing. In this study, we test the hypotheais that prior selfing has evolved under severe pollinator limitation in the mixed mating species Commelina communis which can reproduce via delayed selfing. The hypothesis predicts that prior selfing occurs more frequently in populations with very low pollinator availability and/or in smaller flowers which receive infrequent visitations. We tested the predictions by comparing the degree of prior selfing among ten populations experiencing various levels of pollinator limitation and by examining a relationship between individual flower size and the occurrence of prior selfing. Populations with higher pollinator availability had higher prior selfing rate. Moreover, prior selfing occurs more frequently in larger flowers. These findings were totally opposite patterns of the predictions and the previous findings. We proposed new hypotheses that prior selfing has been maintained by the presence of reproductive interference from the congener and/or propotency in C. communis to explain our unexpected findings. We should verify potential effects of reproductive interference and propotency in future to elucidate the mystery of prior selfing in this mixed mating species with delayed selfing.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTIVE PROPORTION OF SELF-FERTILIZATION WITH CONSANGUINEOUS MATINGS IN INBRED POPULATIONS

Genetics ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-152
Author(s):  
Kermit Ritland
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Mating ◽  
Selfing Rate ◽  
Genotypic Distribution ◽  
Self Fertilization ◽  
Allelic Segregation ◽  
Mixed Mating Model ◽  
Mating Model ◽  
Inbred Populations ◽  
Biased Estimates ◽  
Independent Parameters

ABSTRACT Allelic segregation at a single locus among offspring derived from matings, including those between inbred relatives, is a combination of two patterns, corresponding to self-fertilization and random outcrossing. The proportion of effective self-fertilization is termed the "effective selfing rate," and it is specified with identity coefficients. The description of the offspring genotypic distribution for a population with mating among relatives requires a set of three independent parameters of genetic and mating structure. One such set is the inbreeding coefficient of parents, the coefficient of kinship between mates and the effective selfing rate. The model used to derive the effective selfing rate distinguishes between the effective selfing rates of inbred vs. outbred parents; the mixed mating model does not distinguish between these two rates. As a result, the mixed mating model usually gives biased estimates of effective selfing, if there is mating among inbred relatives. The procedure for estimation of effective selfing, based upon progeny array data distributed according to the "effective selfing model," is presented, and an example is given.

scholarly journals Late-acting self-incompatible system, preferential allogamy and delayed selfing in the heterostylous invasive populations of Ludwigia grandiflora subsp. hexapetala

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis O. Portillo Lemus ◽  
Maryline Harang ◽  
Michel Bozec ◽  
Jacques Haury ◽  
Solenn Stoeckel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
The Self ◽  
Invasion Success ◽  
Mixed Mating ◽  
Delayed Selfing ◽  
Flowering Season ◽  
Ludwigia Grandiflora

Mating system influences local population genetic structure, effective size, offspring fitness and functional variation. Determining the respective importance of self- and cross-fertilization in hermaphroditic flowering plants is thus important to understand their ecology and evolution. The worldwide invasive species, Ludwigia grandiflora subsp. hexapetala (Lgh) presents two floral morphs: one self-compatible short-styled morph (S-morph) and one self-incompatible long-styled morph (L-morph). Most invasive populations worldwide are only composed of self-incompatible L-morphs, which questions the importance of sexual reproduction during the invasion. In this study, we identified the mating systems of western European experimental and natural populations of Lgh by comparing structural characteristics of pollen and style, by studying self- and cross-pollen tube elongations and the viability of the resulting seeds and seedlings in both morphs. Our results showed no differences in pollen shape and stigma surfaces among and between the two floral morphs. In the self-incompatible L-morph flowers, self-pollen tubes were stopped tardily, in the ovarian area, and were unable to fertilize the ovules. This first formal identification of a late-acting, prezygotic self-incompatible system in Ludwigia genus questions on the distribution of this mating system in the Myrtales order. In the self-compatible S-morph flowers, rarer in worldwide invasive populations, self-pollen always succeeded to self-fertilize the ovules that nearly all developed into viable seedlings. However, cross-pollen tubes always elongated faster than self-pollen tubes. S-morph individuals may thus advantage preferential allogamy over selfing when cross-pollen is available despite its self-compatibility. As expected in late-acting self-incompatible systems, L-morph flowers authorised 0.2‰ of selfed seeds during the uppermost flowering season, that increased to 1‰ at the end of the flowering season. Such delayed selfing resulting in a significant quantity of viable floating seeds may contribute to the local regeneration, seed bank and propagation of the L-morph, which may explain its invasion success worldwide. Management plans of Lgh would gain to consider the mixed mating system we identified.

scholarly journals Life at the margin: the mating system of Mediterranean conifers

Web Ecology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Restoux ◽  
D. E. Silva ◽  
F. Sagnard ◽  
F. Torre ◽  
E. Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
High Density ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Mixed Mating ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Selfing Rate ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Mature Stand

Abstract. Mixed mating, where a single tree progeny results from a mixture of selfing and outcrossing, is widespread in conifers and could be an evolutionary advantage at ecological margins when mating partners become scarce. This study analyzes how the mating system responds to bioclimate and density variations. We surveyed published data on the mating system of Abies, Picea and Pinus species when information on bioclimate and stand density was available. Our survey revealed that Mediterranean species demonstrate a lower selfing rate than other species and that the proportion of selfed versus outcrossed progeny is not fixed within species. The highest variability in mating types within populations was found when stand density was the most variable. To show how density affects the proportion of selfed versus outcrossed progeny, we used isozymes to genotype single tree seeds from a marginal Abies alba forest in Mediterranean France (Mont Ventoux) where low-to high-density stands are found. We then tested the adaptive potential of the different high and low density progenies by sowing them under controlled nursery conditions and measuring germination rate and seedling survival after 4 yr under 3 different water regimes. Although the mean value of outcrossing rate was typical for mixed mating conifers (tm = 0.85), individual outcrossing rates varied from 0.05 to 0.99 and were strongly correlated with stand type and density (tm from 0.87 in high-density to 0.43 in low-density marginal stands). Significantly fewer seeds from the low density marginal stand germinated (32% vs. 53% in the high density mature stand), although seedlings from the marginal stand had a better 4-yr survival (81%) than seedlings from the high-density mature stand (63%) when the three water regimes (from least to most stressful) were averaged. Trees from low density stands may be at a selective disadvantage because they produce more selfed progeny than trees from high-density stands. However, selfed seeds may be purged early on (at the embryo stage) and the remaining seeds tend to produce seedlings with better fitness. Variability of the selfing rate might thus be an adaptive strategy for species in highly contrasted environments where selection of both reproductive assurance and avoidance of inbreeding depression may be density dependent.

scholarly journals Eco-evolutionary dynamics of prior selfing rate promotes the coexistence without niche partitioning under reproductive interference

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koki R. Katsuhara ◽  
Yuuya Tachiki ◽  
Ryosuke Iritani ◽  
Atushi Ushimaru
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Niche Partitioning ◽  
Reproductive Interference ◽  
List Type ◽  
Selfing Rate ◽  
Evolutionary Rescue

AbstractWhen the two or more plants species share the same pollinators, pollinator-mediated reproductive interference make coexistence difficult. Recent studies suggested prior autonomous selfing mitigate reproductive interference, could enabling coexistence without pollination niche partitioning (pre-emptive selfing hypothesis). However, there are no studies to test whether evolution of prior selfing promote the coexistence, considering eco-evolutionary dynamics of population size, selfing rate and inbreeding depression.To examine conditions that the evolution of prior selfing promote coexistence under mutual reproductive interference especially in the point of view for pollinator availability and dynamics of inbreeding depression, we constructed individual-based model in which two plant species compete against each other in the form of mutual reproductive interference and can evolve prior autonomous selfing rate. We expected that purging of deleterious mutations could cause evolutionary rescue because inferior species could rescue population density through the evolution of prior selfing if the strength of inbreeding depression decreases with an increase of population’s selfing rate.Our simulation demonstrated that the evolution of prior selfing could promote the coexistence while reproductive interference caused competitive exclusion without evolution. We found that lower pollinator availability tended to prefer rapid evolutionary shift to higher prior selfing rate, it neutralizes the negative effect of reproductive interference, and population dynamics exhibit neutral random walk in both species. When the strength of inbreeding depression decreased with an increase in population’s selfing rate, moderate pollinator availability resulted in long-term coexistence in which relative-abundance-dependent selection on the prior selfing rate rescue population density of inferior species intermittently.Synthesis. We showed that the evolution of prior selfing could increase population growth rate of inferior species and consequently enable the long-term coexistence with evolutionary rescue. This is the new mechanisms explaining co-evolutionary coexistence of closely related plant species without niche partitioning and consistent with recent studies reported that closely related mixed-mating species are sympatrically growing even under the mutual reproductive interference.

scholarly journals The relationship between flower size, inbreeding coefficient and inferred selfing rate in British Euphrasia species

Heredity ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
G C French ◽  
R A Ennos ◽  
A J Silverside ◽  
P M Hollingsworth
Keyword(s):  
Inbreeding Coefficient ◽  
Flower Size ◽  
Selfing Rate ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Geographic variation in floral traits is associated with environmental and genetic differences among populations of the mixed mating species Collinsia heterophylla (Plantaginaceae)

Botany ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åsa Lankinen ◽  
Josefin A. Madjidian ◽  
Stefan Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Mating System ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Flower Size ◽  
Floral Traits ◽  
Mixed Mating ◽  
Floral Trait ◽  
Stigma Receptivity

Relatively few studies have investigated how geography, environmental factors, and genetics affect floral trait variation. We used mixed-mating Collinsia heterophylla Buist to explore variation in a suite of floral traits related to mating system in populations representing four geographic regions of California, USA, and relate this variation to geography, climatic factors, and local site characteristics. We evaluated the environmental vs. genetic trait variability in the greenhouse. Stage of anther–stigma contact correlated positively with temperature, stage of stigma receptivity was negatively associated with vegetation cover, and flower size differed among populations without any clear relation to environmental factors. Greenhouse data indicated heritability for stage of anther–stigma contact, flower size, and time to flowering, and positive correlations between field and greenhouse for stage of stigma receptivity and flower size; however, stage of anther–stigma contact showed a high degree of environmental influence. Stage of anther–stigma contact covaried positively with stage of stigma receptivity and flower size across maternal families, indicating genetic correlations between traits. In conclusion, phenotypic floral variation within mixed-mating C. heterophylla is mostly determined by a genetic component. Geography, environment, and genetics affect traits differently, suggesting that ecological and evolutionary processes contribute to shaping variability in mating system-related traits.

Mixed mating in Banksia media

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 627 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Wooller ◽  
R. D. Wooller
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Mating Strategy ◽  
South Coast ◽  
Mixed Mating ◽  
The South ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Mixed Mating Strategy

Differential exclusion of vertebrates and invertebrates from the inflorescences of Banksia media R.Br. on the south coast of Western Australia showed the species to be partially self-compatible. Access by invertebrates increased fruit set and additional access by vertebrates resulted in even greater fruit set. Honeyeater birds and marsupial nectarivores were abundant and widespread in the study area and most carried the pollen of Banksia media while it flowered. However, although B. media had the floral characteristics attributed to vertebrate pollination, self-pollination and pollination by insects clearly also play major roles in seed production. Banksia media regenerates solely from seed released after fire and we suggest that its mixed mating strategy is a compromise between inbreeding depression and risk of elimination from areas prone to occasional fires.

scholarly journals Gynomonoecy in a mycoheterotrophic orchid Eulophia zollingeri with autonomous selfing hermaphroditic flowers and putatively outcrossing female flowers

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10272
Author(s):  
Kenji Suetsugu
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Mixed Mating ◽  
Pollinator Limitation ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
System A ◽  
Floral Visitors ◽  
Female Flowers

Most orchid species exhibit an extreme case of hermaphroditism, owing to the fusion of male and female organs into a gynostemium. Exceptions to this rule have only been reported from the subtribes Catasetinae and Satyriinae. Here, I report an additional orchidaceous example whose flowers are not always hermaphroditic. In several Japanese populations of Eulophia zollingeri (Rchb.f.) J.J.Sm, a widespread Asian and Oceanian orchid, some flowers possess both the anther (i.e., anther cap and pollinaria) and stigma, whereas others possess only the stigma. Therefore, pollination experiments, an investigation of floral morphology and observations of floral visitors were conducted to understand the reproductive biology of E. zollingeri in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan. It was confirmed that E. zollingeri studied here possesses a gynomonoecious reproductive system, a sexual system in which a single plant has both female flowers and hermaphroditic flowers. In addition, hermaphroditic flowers often possess an effective self-pollination system while female flowers could avoid autogamy but suffered from severe pollinator limitation, due to a lack of agamospermy and low insect-mediated pollination. The present study represents the first documented example of gynomonoecy within Orchidaceae. Gynomonoecy in E. zollingeri may be maintained by the tradeoff in reproductive traits between female flowers (with low fruit set but potential outcrossing benefits) and hermaphroditic flowers (with high fruit set but inbreeding depression in selfed offspring). This mixed mating is probably important in mycoheterotrophic E. zollingeri because it occurs in shaded forest understorey with a paucity of pollinators.

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