The relationship between flower size, inbreeding coefficient and inferred selfing rate in British Euphrasia species

Abstract BackgroundGeographic differences in flower size sometimes reflect geographic differences in pollinator size. However, we know little about whether this flower size specialization to the regional pollinator size occurred independently at many places or occurred once and then spread across the distribution range of the flower species. ResultsWe investigated the relationship between the local corolla tube length of flowers and morphological traits of local pollinators in 12 populations of Lamium album var. barbatum on two different mountains in the Japan Alps. Then, using 10 microsatellite markers, we analyzed genetic differentiation among the 12 populations. The results showed that local corolla tube length was correlated with the average size of relevant morphological traits of the local pollinators: corolla tube length was greater in populations visited frequently by the largest flower visitors, Bombus consobrinus queens, than it was in other populations. We also found that the degree of genetic similarity between populations more closely reflected interpopulation geographic proximity than interpopulation similarity in corolla tube length.ConclusionsAlthough genetic similarity of populations was highly associated with geographic proximity, corolla tube length varied independently of geographic proximity and was associated with local pollinator size. These results suggest that in L. album var. barbatum, long corolla tube length evolved independently in populations on different mountains as a convergent adaptation to locally abundant large bumblebee species.

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Prior selfing occur in larger flowers in a mixed mating species with delayed selfing

10.1101/2021.12.08.471669 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kana Masuda ◽

Atushi Ushimaru

Keyword(s):

Flower Size ◽

Reproductive Interference ◽

Mixed Mating ◽

Selfing Rate ◽

Pollinator Limitation ◽

Commelina Communis ◽

Delayed Selfing ◽

Self Pollination ◽

Unexpected Findings

Theory predicts that prior self-pollination (prior selfing) should not evolve in mixed mating species that enable delayed selfing. In this study, we test the hypotheais that prior selfing has evolved under severe pollinator limitation in the mixed mating species Commelina communis which can reproduce via delayed selfing. The hypothesis predicts that prior selfing occurs more frequently in populations with very low pollinator availability and/or in smaller flowers which receive infrequent visitations. We tested the predictions by comparing the degree of prior selfing among ten populations experiencing various levels of pollinator limitation and by examining a relationship between individual flower size and the occurrence of prior selfing. Populations with higher pollinator availability had higher prior selfing rate. Moreover, prior selfing occurs more frequently in larger flowers. These findings were totally opposite patterns of the predictions and the previous findings. We proposed new hypotheses that prior selfing has been maintained by the presence of reproductive interference from the congener and/or propotency in C. communis to explain our unexpected findings. We should verify potential effects of reproductive interference and propotency in future to elucidate the mystery of prior selfing in this mixed mating species with delayed selfing.

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Consanguinity marriage and fertility outcome health in the middle Euphrates of Iraq

10.32792/thi/sc/vol.1.is.2.04 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 29-34

Keyword(s):

Consanguineous Marriage ◽

Inbreeding Coefficient ◽

Reproductive Parameters ◽

The Relationship

The inbreeding coefficient refers to the degree of advancing of any society. In 2006 an experiment was conducted to find the inbreeding coefficient in the middle Euphrates area of Iraq (Al-Qadisiyia and Babylon) and to study the relationship between the related and unrelated marriages as well as reproductive parameters. Results indicated that inbreeding coefficient was (F=0.0167). The percentage of unrelated marriage was higher in ( Al-Qadisiyia 44.9% compared to Babylon 36.5%) and the total was 55.3% Non–fertile families in middle Euphrates region was 2.5% No relationship was found between fertility outcome and consanguineous, non-consanguineous marriage.

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Nectar volume is positively correlated with flower size in hummingbird-visited flowers in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Journal of Tropical Ecology ◽

10.1017/s0266467416000250 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 335-339 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Davi Castro Tavares ◽

Leandro Freitas ◽

Maria Cristina Gaglianone

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Forest ◽

Generalized Least Squares ◽

Flower Size ◽

Floral Traits ◽

Brazilian Atlantic Forest ◽

Future Studies ◽

Nectar Volume ◽

Corolla Length ◽

Phylogenetic Constraints ◽

The Relationship

Abstract:We studied the relationship between flower size and nectar properties of hummingbird-visited flowers in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We analysed the nectar volume and concentration as a function of corolla length and the average bill size of visitors for 150 plant species, using the phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) to control for phylogenetic signals in the data. We found that nectar volume is positively correlated with corolla length due to phylogenetic allometry. We also demonstrated that larger flowers provide better rewards for long-billed hummingbirds. Regardless of the causal mechanisms, our results support the hypothesis that morphological floral traits that drive partitioning among hummingbirds correspond to the quantity of resources produced by the flowers in the Atlantic Forest. We demonstrate that the relationship between nectar properties and flower size is affected by phylogenetic constraints and thus future studies assessing the interaction between floral traits need to control for phylogenetic signals in the data.

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Effect of Forcing Temperature on Time to Flower of Coreopsis grandiflora, Gaillardia ×grandiflora, Leucanthemum ×superbum, and Rudbeckia fulgida

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.4.663 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 663-667 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Mei Yuan ◽

William H. Carlson ◽

Royal D. Heins ◽

Arthur C. Cameron

Keyword(s):

Tissue Culture ◽

Developmental Stage ◽

Plant Height ◽

Flower Size ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Degree Days ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Herbaceous Perennials ◽

Bare Root ◽

The Relationship

Scheduling crops to flower on specific dates requires a knowledge of the relationship between temperature and time to flower. Our objective was to quantify the effect of temperature on time to flower and plant appearance of four herbaceous perennials. Field-grown, bare-root Coreopsis grandiflora (Hogg ex Sweet.) `Sunray', Gaillardia ×grandiflora (Van Houtte) `Goblin', and Rudbeckia fulgida (Ait.) `Goldsturm', and tissue culture—propagated Leucanthemum ×superbum (Bergman ex J. Ingram) `Snowcap' plants were exposed to 5 °C for 10 weeks and then grown in greenhouse sections set at 15, 18, 21, 24, or 27 °C under 4-hour night-interruption lighting until plants reached anthesis. Days to visible bud (VB), days to anthesis (FLW), and days from VB to FLW decreased as temperature increased. The rate of progress toward FLW increased linearly with temperature, and base temperatures and degree-days of each developmental stage were calculated. For Coreopsis, Leucanthemum, and Rudbeckia, flower size, flower-bud number, and plant height decreased as temperature increased from 15 to 26 °C.

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Effect of Temperature on Time to Flower of Coreopsis grandiflora, Chrysanthemum superbum, Gaillardia grandiflora, and Rudbeckia fulgida

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.861b ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 861B-861 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mei Yuan ◽

William H. Carlson ◽

Royal D. Heins ◽

Arthur C. Cameron

Keyword(s):

Tissue Culture ◽

Plant Height ◽

Flower Size ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Herbaceous Perennials ◽

Effects Of Temperature ◽

Bare Root ◽

The Relationship

Scheduling crops to flower for specific dates requires a knowledge of the relationship between temperature and time to flower. Our objective was to determine the relationship between temperature and time to flower of four herbaceous perennials. Field-grown, bare-root Coreopsis grandiflora `Sunray', Gaillardia grandiflora `Goblin', Rudbeckia fulgida `Goldsturm', and tissue culture-propagated Chrysanthemum superbum `Snow Cap' were exposed to 5C for 10 weeks. They were grown at 15, 18, 21, 24 or 27C under 4-h night interruption lighting. Time to visible bud (VB) and first flower (FLW) were recorded. Days to VB, days to FLW, and days from VB to FLW decreased as temperature increased. Time to flower at 15C was 70, 64, 96, and 54 days and 24, 39, 48, and 36 days at 27C for Coreopsis, Gaillardia, Rudbeckia, and Chrysanthemum, respectively. The 27C temperature apparently caused devernalization on Coreopsis because only 40% of the plants flowered. The effects of temperature on flower size, flower bud number, and plant height also are presented.

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Distributional characterizations and testing for differences of relatedness and inbreeding of a subpopulation of American Hereford bulls

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txab008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

M A Simmons ◽

P K Riggs ◽

S Sanders ◽

A D Herring ◽

J O Sanders ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Beta Distribution ◽

Genetic Parameters ◽

Inbreeding Coefficient ◽

Bootstrap Sampling ◽

Inbreeding Coefficients ◽

Beta Distributions ◽

Relationship Coefficient ◽

The Mean ◽

Population Genetic Parameters ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Beta distributions are characterized by two determining parameters and a parameter space from 0 to 1, and may be useful for examining population genetic parameters such as the relationship or inbreeding coefficients. Often subpopulations exist within breeds that are congregated around particular lineages of cattle or ancestors that breeders value. These subpopulations are more related to each other than to the majority of other animals; they may have higher inbreeding as well. Value may be added to these subpopulations because of their relatedness with important or renowned ancestors. The objectives of this work were to compare the relatedness and inbreeding of a group of 26 modern bulls from a subpopulation of the American Hereford breed relative to 1) 30 males with the most descendants present in the pedigree, 2) 15 renowned American Hereford bulls considered important individuals in the breed’s history, and 3) 19 prominent subpopulation male ancestors. Conformance of the mean relationship coefficients of the bulls with the three groups and the mean inbreeding coefficient with all pedigree animals to beta distributions was assessed by 1) visually determining the parameters of the beta distributions based on the entire pedigree, 2) testing the mean relationship coefficient or inbreeding coefficient of the group of subpopulation bulls for its positional inclusion in those distributions, and 3) bootstrap sampling methodology. The mean relationship coefficients of the 26 Trask bulls with the 30 bulls with the most descendants, the 15 renowned ancestors, and the 19 Trask male ancestors were 0.15, 0.132, and 0.208, respectively. Testing of these means in beta distributions indicated that the group of 26 Trask bulls were no more related to the three groups of bulls than all of the animals in the pedigree (0.06 < P < 0.25). Bootstrap sampling indicated that the 26 bulls were more related to the three groups of male ancestors than the remainder of the animals in the pedigree (P < 0.0001). The mean inbreeding coefficient of the 26 bulls (0.13) did not differ from the overall inbreeding coefficient (0.056) when tested using a beta distribution; however, bootstrap sampling indicated otherwise (P < 0.0001). Results may indicate the inadequacy of visually parameterizing a beta distribution. Quantification of pedigree relatedness of a group of animals to key ancestors, especially with no DNA available, may add value to that group and individuals.

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The relationship between homozygosity level and animal physiology: Iron content of plasma and whole blood as well as total iron binding capacity by transferrin (TIBC) in rats of various inbreeding coefficient

Biochemical Genetics ◽

10.1007/bf00569326 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 30 (7-8) ◽

pp. 353-360 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Barbara Kosowska

Keyword(s):

Whole Blood ◽

Iron Content ◽

Binding Capacity ◽

Inbreeding Coefficient ◽

Total Iron ◽

Iron Binding ◽

Total Iron Binding Capacity ◽

Animal Physiology ◽

Iron Binding Capacity ◽

The Relationship

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Interstellar gas in the central region of the Galaxy

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900101032 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 239-251 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

F. J. Kerr

Keyword(s):

Central Region ◽

Galactic Plane ◽

Neutral Hydrogen ◽

Continuum Emission ◽

Galactic Centre ◽

Interstellar Gas ◽

Hydrogen Recombination ◽

The Galaxy ◽

Centre Region ◽

The Relationship

A review is given of information on the galactic-centre region obtained from recent observations of the 21-cm line from neutral hydrogen, the 18-cm group of OH lines, a hydrogen recombination line at 6 cm wavelength, and the continuum emission from ionized hydrogen.Both inward and outward motions are important in this region, in addition to rotation. Several types of observation indicate the presence of material in features inclined to the galactic plane. The relationship between the H and OH concentrations is not yet clear, but a rough picture of the central region can be proposed.

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