scholarly journals Simple contextual cueing prevents retroactive interference in short-term perceptual training of orientation detection tasks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Huang ◽  
Yangming Zhang ◽  
Sheng Li
Keyword(s):  
Interference Effect ◽  
Retroactive Interference ◽  
Contextual Cueing ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Perceptual Training ◽  
Multiple Tasks ◽  
Orientation Experiment ◽  
Orientation Detection ◽  
And Training

Perceptual training of multiple tasks suffers from interference between the trained tasks. Here, we conducted four psychophysical experiments with separate groups of participants to investigate the possibility of preventing the interference in short-term perceptual training. We trained the participants to detect two orientations of Gabor stimuli in two adjacent days at the same retinal location and examined the interference of training effects between the two orientations. The results showed significant retroactive interference from the second orientation to the first orientation (Experiments 1 and 2). Introducing a 6-hour interval between the pre-test and training of the second orientation did not eliminate the interference effect, excluding the interpretation of disrupted reconsolidation as the pre-test of the second orientation may reactivate and destabilize the representation of the first orientation (Experiment 3). Finally, the training of the two orientations was accompanied by fixations in two colors, each served as a contextual cue for one orientation. The results showed that the retroactive interference was not evident after introducing these passively perceived contextual cues (Experiment 4). Our findings suggest that the retroactive interference effect in short-term perceptual training of orientation detection tasks was likely the result of higher-level factors such as shared contextual cues embedded in the tasks. The effect of multiple perceptual training could be facilitated by associating the trained tasks with different contextual cues.

Perceptual Learning Induced by Short-Term Training with Visual Stimuli: Effects of Retinal Position and Stimulus Type

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-262
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Skrandies
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Retinal Position ◽  
Perceptual Training ◽  
Forced Choice Task ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Training Control ◽  
And Training

We investigated perceptual learning in 85 healthy adults with stereoscopic information contained in dynamic random dot stimuli or with vernier targets. Stimuli were flashed simultaneously at 8 locations at an eccentricity of 1.15° or 2.3°, and subjects had to detect a target in an “8 Alternative Forced Choice” task. For training at a given eccentricity stimuli at the other eccentricity served as a “no training” control. Viewing of visual targets for about 20 minutes resulted in a significant increase of discrimination performance only for the trained stimuli (significant interaction between training and time). Thus, learning is position specific: improved performance can be demonstrated only when test and training stimuli are presented to the same retinal areas. In combination with our earlier electrophysiological results, this study illustrates how perceptual training induces stimulus and visual field specific neural plasticity in adults.

scholarly journals Behavioral brittleness: the case for strategic behavioral public policy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Ruth Schmidt ◽  
Katelyn Stenger
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Impact Problem

Abstract Despite widespread recognition that behavioral public policy (BPP) needs to move beyond nudging if the field is to achieve more significant impact, problem-solving approaches remain optimized to achieve tactical success and are evaluated by short-term metrics with the assumption of stable systems. As a result, current methodologies may contribute to the development of solutions that appear well formed but become ‘brittle’ in the face of more complex contexts if they fail to consider important contextual cues, broader system forces, and emergent conditions, which can take three distinct forms: contextual, systemic, and anticipatory brittleness. The Covid-19 pandemic and vaccination rollout present an opportunity to identify and correct interventional brittleness with a new methodological approach – strategic BPP (SBPP) – that can inform the creation of more resilient solutions by embracing more diverse forms of evidence and applied foresight, designing interventions within ecosystems, and iteratively developing solutions. To advance the case for adopting a SBPP and ‘roughly right’ modes of inquiry, we use the Covid-19 vaccination rollout to define a new methodological roadmap, while also acknowledging that taking a more strategic approach may challenge current BPP norms.

Athletes Play Through Pain—What Does That Mean for Rehabilitation Specialists?

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 640-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Barrette ◽  
Katherine Harman
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Sport Organization ◽  
The University ◽  
E Mail ◽  
Competitive Nature ◽  
And Training ◽  
Insight Into

Context: Pain in sport has been normalized to the point where athletes are expected to ignore pain and remain in the game despite the possible detrimental consequences associated with playing through pain. While rehabilitation specialists may not have an influence on an athlete’s competitive nature or the culture of risk they operate in, understanding the consequences of those factors on an athlete’s physical well-being is definitely in their area of responsibility. Objective: To explore the factors associated with the experiences of subelite athletes who play through pain in gymnastics, rowing, and speed skating. Design: The authors conducted semistructured interviews with subelite athletes, coaches, and rehabilitation specialists. They recruited coach participants through their provincial sport organization. Athletes of the recruited coaches who were recovering from a musculoskeletal injury and training for a major competition were then recruited. They also recruited rehabilitation specialists who were known to treat subelite athletes independently by e-mail. Setting: An observation session was conducted at the athlete’s training facility. Interviews were then conducted either in a room at the university or at a preferred sound-attenuated location suggested by the participant. Participants: The authors studied 5 coaches, 4 subelite athletes, and 3 rehabilitation specialists. Interventions: The authors photographed athletes during a practice shortly before an important competition, and we interviewed all the participants after that competition. Our photographs were used during the interview to stimulate discussion. Results: The participant interviews revealed 3 main themes related to playing through pain. They are: Listening to your body, Decision making, and Who decides. Conclusion: When subelite athletes, striving to be the best in their sport continue to train with the pain of an injury, performance is affected in the short-term and long-term consequences are also possible. Our study provides some insight into the contrasting forces that athletes balance as they decide to continue or to stop.

scholarly journals Attenuation by contextual cues of retroactive interference of a conditional discrimination in rats

1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ward A. Rodriguez ◽  
Louis S. Borbely ◽  
Ronald S. Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Discrimination ◽  
Retroactive Interference ◽  
Contextual Cues

INCREASING THE IMPORTANCE OF HR-CONSULTING IN THE CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1042-1049
Author(s):  
M.E. Smirnova ◽  
◽  
A.O. Subocheva ◽  
I.N. Belogrud ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Personnel Management ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Economic Uncertainty ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Personnel Assessment ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Goals And Objectives ◽  
And Training

In the conditions of economic uncertainty, serious requirements are put forward for the personnel management system. Special skills and qualifications of personnel are increasingly prevailing as the main competitive companies’ advantage in the struggle for a leading position in the market. In the short term, highly dynamic employment processes are expected, as many organizations aim to significantly adjust existing labor relations. Personnel consulting reflect the activity to solve the tasks set for the top personnel management in order to increase the profitability of the organization. The object of the personnel audit is the internal labor market, that is, the available human resources are considered, in particular, the workforce, various aspects of the organization’s production activities. Effectiveness evaluation of the methods of vocational guidance and adaptation, identification and diagnosis of problems arising during the adaptation period is also one of the main parameters. Thus, the specific diversity of personnel audit is determined by the goals and objectives. The lack of personnel assessment and development systems in the company entails serious risks in forming and implementation of management decisions, which can also lead to serious costs for the organization. Personnel assessment using transparent and understandable criteria, organization of trainings and training for employees, formation of programs for the development of professional competencies are not only conditions for retaining employees, but also a tool for developing the organization’s HR brand.

scholarly journals Independence of long-term contextual memory and short-term perceptual hypotheses: Evidence from contextual cueing of interrupted search

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 508-521
Author(s):  
Bernhard Schlagbauer ◽  
Maurice Mink ◽  
Hermann J. Müller ◽  
Thomas Geyer
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Cueing ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Contextual Memory

Year Up

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Social Service ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Job Market ◽  
Service Program ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Personal Value ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Training ◽  
Social Service Program

Chapter 5 describes, evaluates, and reinterprets the private sector social service program Year Up as a ceremony of social values rather than as a successful response to a social problem. The program is intended to provide poor minority urban youths access to the job market by offering short-term academic and skills training. Its claims to success are based on contracted evaluations that are not credible. In the end, Year Up embodies a mythic obligation to affirm heroic individualism as the essence of civic virtue and personal value. Year Up mandates that participants embark on the quest for authenticity through mentoring and training en route to employment. Yet the myth of Year Up defines one of its most enduring attractions. It is inexpensive and highly selective, in the end a very efficient way to certify the nation’s chosenness without disrupting customary social arrangements, without redefining the relationship among people, and notably without transferring great amounts of assets and income to those in need.

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