scholarly journals Planar cell polarity: the prickle gene acts independently on both the Ds/Ft and the Stan Systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Casal ◽  
Beatriz Ibáñez-Jiménez ◽  
Peter A. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Planar Cell Polarity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Functional Link ◽  
Molecular Systems ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Proteins ◽  
Principal Axes ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Two Systems

ABSTRACTEpithelial cells are polarised within the plane of the epithelium, forming oriented structures whose coordinated and consistent polarity (planar cell polarity, PCP) relates to the principal axes of the body or organ. In Drosophila at least two separate molecular systems generate and interpret intercellular polarity signals: Dachsous/Fat, and the “core” or Stan system. Here we study the prickle gene and its protein products Prickle and Spiny leg. Much research on PCP has focused on the asymmetric localisation of core proteins in the cell and as a result prickle was placed in the heart of the Stan system. Here we ask if this view is correct and how the prickle gene relates to the two systems. We find that prickle can affect, separately, both systems — however, neither Pk nor Sple are essential components of the Ds/Ft or the Stan system, nor do they act as a functional link between the two systems.

scholarly journals Multi-scale coordination of planar cell polarity in planarians

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanh Thi-Kim Vu ◽  
Sarah Mansour ◽  
Michael Kücken ◽  
Corinna Blasse ◽  
Cyril Basquin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Planar Cell Polarity ◽  
Design Principle ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Planar Polarity ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
The Core ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Polarity Field

SummaryPolarity is a universal design principle of biological systems that manifests at all organizational scales. Although well understood at the cellular level, the mechanisms that coordinate polarity at the tissue or organismal scale remain poorly understood. Here, we make use of the extreme body plan plasticity of planarian flatworms to probe the multi-scale coordination of polarity. Quantitative analysis of ciliary rootlet orientation in the epidermis reveals a global polarization field with head and tail as independent mediators of anteroposterior (A/P) polarization and the body margin influencing mediolateral (M/L) polarization. Mathematical modeling demonstrates that superposition of separate A/P- and M/L-fields can explain the global polarity field and we identify the core planar cell polarity (PCP) and Ft/Ds pathways as their specific mediators. Overall, our study establishes a mechanistic framework for the multi-scale coordination of planar polarity in planarians and establishes the core PCP and Ft/Ds pathways as evolutionarily conserved 2D-polarization module.

scholarly journals The core planar cell polarity gene, Vangl2 , maintains apical‐basal organisation of the corneal epithelium

2017 ◽  
Vol 234 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Alessio Panzica ◽  
Amy S. Findlay ◽  
Rianne Ladesteijn ◽  
J. Martin Collinson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Corneal Epithelium ◽  
Planar Cell Polarity ◽  
The Core ◽  
Polarity Gene

scholarly journals The core planar cell polarity gene, Vangl2 , directs adult corneal epithelial cell alignment and migration

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 160658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy S. Findlay ◽  
D. Alessio Panzica ◽  
Petr Walczysko ◽  
Amy B. Holt ◽  
Deborah J. Henderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Corneal Epithelium ◽  
Planar Cell Polarity ◽  
Corneal Epithelial Cell ◽  
Corneal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Corneal Epithelial ◽  
The Core

This study shows that the core planar cell polarity (PCP) genes direct the aligned cell migration in the adult corneal epithelium, a stratified squamous epithelium on the outer surface of the vertebrate eye. Expression of multiple core PCP genes was demonstrated in the adult corneal epithelium. PCP components were manipulated genetically and pharmacologically in human and mouse corneal epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro . Knockdown of VANGL2 reduced the directional component of migration of human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells without affecting speed. It was shown that signalling through PCP mediators, dishevelled, dishevelled-associated activator of morphogenesis and Rho-associated protein kinase directs the alignment of HCE cells by affecting cytoskeletal reorganization. Cells in which VANGL2 was disrupted tended to misalign on grooved surfaces and migrate across, rather than parallel to the grooves. Adult corneal epithelial cells in which Vangl2 had been conditionally deleted showed a reduced rate of wound-healing migration. Conditional deletion of Vangl2 in the mouse corneal epithelium ablated the normal highly stereotyped patterns of centripetal cell migration in vivo from the periphery (limbus) to the centre of the cornea. Corneal opacity owing to chronic wounding is a major cause of degenerative blindness across the world, and this study shows that Vangl2 activity is required for directional corneal epithelial migration.

scholarly journals Ancestral roles of atypical cadherins in planar cell polarity

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (32) ◽  
pp. 19310-19320
Author(s):  
Maria Brooun ◽  
Alexander Klimovich ◽  
Mikhail Bashkurov ◽  
Bret J. Pearson ◽  
Robert E. Steele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Planar Cell Polarity ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Alignment ◽  
Actin Organization ◽  
Tissue Organization ◽  
Ancestral Function ◽  
Local Cell

Fat, Fat-like, and Dachsous family cadherins are giant proteins that regulate planar cell polarity (PCP) and cell adhesion in bilaterians. Their evolutionary origin can be traced back to prebilaterian species, but their ancestral function(s) are unknown. We identified Fat-like and Dachsous cadherins inHydra, a member of phylum Cnidaria a sister group of bilaterian. We foundHydradoes not possess a true Fat homolog, but has homologs of Fat-like (HyFatl) and Dachsous (HyDs) that localize at the apical membrane of ectodermal epithelial cells and are planar polarized perpendicular to the oral–aboral axis of the animal. Using a knockdown approach we found that HyFatl is involved in local cell alignment and cell–cell adhesion, and that reduction of HyFatl leads to defects in tissue organization in the body column. Overexpression and knockdown experiments indicate that the intracellular domain (ICD) of HyFatl affects actin organization through proline-rich repeats. Thus, planar polarization of Fat-like and Dachsous cadherins has ancient, prebilaterian origins, and Fat-like cadherins have ancient roles in cell adhesion, spindle orientation, and tissue organization.

scholarly journals The Drosophila RNA binding protein Nab2 patterns dendritic arbors and axons via the planar cell polarity pathway

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth H. Moberg ◽  
Edwin B. Corgiat ◽  
Sara List ◽  
J. Christopher Rounds ◽  
Dehong Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Planar Cell Polarity ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Rna Binding Proteins ◽  
Axon Growth ◽  
Planar Cell Polarity Pathway ◽  
Translational Repressor ◽  
The Core ◽  
Dendritic Arbors ◽  
Axon Projection

RNA binding proteins support neurodevelopment by modulating numerous steps in post-transcriptional regulation, including splicing, export, translation, and turnover of mRNAs that can traffic into axons and dendrites. One such RBP is ZC3H14, which is lost in an inherited intellectual disability. The Drosophila melanogaster ZC3H14 ortholog, Nab2, localizes to neuronal nuclei and cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granules, and is required for olfactory memory and proper axon projection into brain mushroom bodies. Nab2 can act as a translational repressor in conjunction with the Fragile-X mental retardation protein homolog Fmr1 and shares target RNAs with the Fmr1-interacting RBP Ataxin-2. However, neuronal signaling pathways regulated by Nab2 and their potential roles outside of mushroom body axons remain undefined. Here, we demonstrate that Nab2 restricts branching and projection of larval sensory dendrites via the planar cell polarity pathway, and that this link may provide a conserved mechanism through which Nab2/ZC3H14 modulates projection of both axons and dendrites. Planar cell polarity proteins are enriched in a Nab2-regulated brain proteomic dataset. Complementary genetic data indicate that Nab2 guides dendrite and axon growth through the planar-cell-polarity pathway. Analysis of the core planar cell polarity protein Vang, which is depleted in the Nab2 mutant whole-brain proteome, uncovers selective and dramatic loss of Vang within axon/dendrite-enriched brain neuropil relative to brain regions containing cell bodies. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Nab2 regulates dendritic arbors and axon projection by a planar-cell-polarity-linked mechanism and identify Nab2 as required for accumulation of the core planar cell polarity factor Vang in distal neuronal projections.

scholarly journals Meru couples planar cell polarity with apical-basal polarity during asymmetric cell division

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer J Banerjee ◽  
Birgit L Aerne ◽  
Maxine V Holder ◽  
Simon Hauri ◽  
Matthias Gstaiger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Planar Cell Polarity ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Division ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Posterior Cortex ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
The Core ◽  
Cell Tissue ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Polarity Factor

Polarity is a shared feature of most cells. In epithelia, apical-basal polarity often coexists, and sometimes intersects with planar cell polarity (PCP), which orients cells in the epithelial plane. From a limited set of core building blocks (e.g. the Par complexes for apical-basal polarity and the Frizzled/Dishevelled complex for PCP), a diverse array of polarized cells and tissues are generated. This suggests the existence of little-studied tissue-specific factors that rewire the core polarity modules to the appropriate conformation. In Drosophila sensory organ precursors (SOPs), the core PCP components initiate the planar polarization of apical-basal determinants, ensuring asymmetric division into daughter cells of different fates. We show that Meru, a RASSF9/RASSF10 homologue, is expressed specifically in SOPs, recruited to the posterior cortex by Frizzled/Dishevelled, and in turn polarizes the apical-basal polarity factor Bazooka (Par3). Thus, Meru belongs to a class of proteins that act cell/tissue-specifically to remodel the core polarity machinery.

scholarly journals The Wnt Coreceptor Ryk Regulates Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity by Modulating the Degradation of the Core Planar Cell Polarity Component Vangl2

2012 ◽  
Vol 287 (53) ◽  
pp. 44518-44525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Andre ◽  
Qianyi Wang ◽  
Na Wang ◽  
Bo Gao ◽  
Arielle Schilit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Planar Cell Polarity ◽  
The Core

Shaping the nervous system: role of the core planar cell polarity genes

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 525-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadel Tissir ◽  
André M. Goffinet
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Planar Cell Polarity ◽  
The Core

scholarly journals Microtubules provide directional information for core PCP function

eLife ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Matis ◽  
David A Russler-Germain ◽  
Qie Hu ◽  
Claire J Tomlin ◽  
Jeffrey D Axelrod
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Simulation ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Planar Cell Polarity ◽  
Global Alignment ◽  
Directional Information ◽  
The Core ◽  
Initial Polarization ◽  
Core Module ◽  
Pcp Signaling ◽  
Apical Junctions

Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling controls the polarization of cells within the plane of an epithelium. Two molecular modules composed of Fat(Ft)/Dachsous(Ds)/Four-jointed(Fj) and a ‘PCP-core’ including Frizzled(Fz) and Dishevelled(Dsh) contribute to polarization of individual cells. How polarity is globally coordinated with tissue axes is unresolved. Consistent with previous results, we find that the Ft/Ds/Fj-module has an effect on a MT-cytoskeleton. Here, we provide evidence for the model that the Ft/Ds/Fj-module provides directional information to the core-module through this MT organizing function. We show Ft/Ds/Fj-dependent initial polarization of the apical MT-cytoskeleton prior to global alignment of the core-module, reveal that the anchoring of apical non-centrosomal MTs at apical junctions is polarized, observe that directional trafficking of vesicles containing Dsh depends on Ft, and demonstrate the feasibility of this model by mathematical simulation. Together, these results support the hypothesis that Ft/Ds/Fj provides a signal to orient core PCP function via MT polarization.

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