The Goldilocks Effect: Female geladas in mid-sized groups have higher fitness
AbstractThe cost-to-benefit ratio of group-living is thought to vary with group size: individuals in “optimal” groups should have higher fitness than individuals in groups that are too large or small. However, the relationship between group size and individual fitness has been difficult to establish, a gap we address here in the gelada. We demonstrate group size effects on the production of surviving offspring and on female mortality rates, which are largely explained by group-size variation in infanticide risk and foraging competition. We also identify a mechanism by which females may alter group size: in large groups, females groomed with less than half of their group, increasing the likelihood of fissions. Our findings provide insight into how and why group size shapes fitness in long-lived species.