scholarly journals Delayed start of first-time breeding and non-breeders surplus in the Western Siberian population of the European Pied Flycatcher

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir G. Grinkov ◽  
Helmut Sternberg
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Data ◽  
Pied Flycatcher ◽  
First Year ◽  
Siberian Population ◽  
Lower Saxony ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Experimental Removal ◽  
Widespread Belief ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
First Year Of Life

ABSTRACTNon-breeders are those sexually mature individuals that do not breed in a given reproductive cycle of a population. There is a widespread belief that the presence of non-breeders can affect the actual population dynamics, as well as the population responses to environmental change (Lee et al. 2017). Sternberg (1989), using demographic data, has shown that 83% and 62% of males and females, respectively, do not breed in the first year of life in the Lower Saxony (Germany) population of the European Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca). Later, with experimental removal of males, it has been proven that in the Lower Saxony and Moscow Region (Russia) populations, there are many non-breeding males (Sternberg et al. 2002). For the Netherlands population of the European Pied Flycatcher, the presence of a large number of non-breeders has been demonstrated using experimental removals for both males and females (Both et al. 2017). Here we have estimated the number of non-breeders in the Western Siberian population of the European Pied Flycatcher using demographic data (11 cohorts from 2001 to 2011 of birth) and experimental removal of males. We have shown that both males and females can start to breed at the age of one to five years. The proportion of non-breeders can be 59.5% and 68.5% for first-year males and females, respectively. We discuss the differences in the proportion of non-breeders between the Western Siberian and European populations of the European Pied Flycatcher, as well as factors affecting the number of non-breeders.

Infantile Mortality

1930 ◽  
Vol 3 (04) ◽  
pp. 236-244
Author(s):  
John Blossom
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Improvement ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
First Year ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Young Lives

There appears to be very little information, especially of recent date, relating to infantile mortality, in the publications of the Institute, and it is possible that a discussion upon the mortality of very young lives would be of service to those who have to deal with infantile assurances to any great extent.It is well known that infantile mortality rates have, generally, shown continuous improvement during the present century, and we cannot say that such rates have yet reached their lowest limit. For example, the deaths of males and females respectively during the first year of life as exhibited by successive English Life Tables are:—

Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Acute Otitis Media during the First Year of Life

1987 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 618-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. KERO ◽  
P. PIEKKALA
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
First Year ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
First Year Of Life

Statement on Infant Mortality

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 1155-1160
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
First Year ◽  
Postneonatal Mortality ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Live Births ◽  
First Year Of Life

Why Is Infant Mortality Important? Rates of infant mortality are sensitive indicators of a broad range of factors affecting children's health. As such, infant mortality is the "tip of the iceberg" of child health problems, and changes in infant mortality are a signal of factors affecting child health more broadly. In addition to its role as a general gauge of child health, infant mortality itself represents an important health problem. It is well to remember that infant death rates are the highest of any age group less than 65 years. The message conveyed by infant mortality rates if better understood in terms of the causes of mortality at different times during the first year of life. Neonatal Mortality Neonatal mortality rate is defined as the number of infants dying between 0 and 27 days of life per 1,000 live births. These deaths in the first month of life reflect primarily factors associated with health of the mother before and during pregnancy and the special problems of the newborn. Deaths in this age range result chiefly from inadequate intruterine growth (prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation) and congenital anomalies. As a result, neonatal mortality rates provide an indicator of the factors affecting pregnancy, delivery, and the neonate and the adequacy of services in the prenatal, intrapartum, and neonatal periods. Postneonatal Mortality Postneonatal mortality rate is defined as the number of infants dying between 28 days and 11 months of life per 1,000 live births, ie, deaths occurring during the remainder of the first year of life.

Environmental factors affecting growth of eastern sand darter (Ammocrypta pellucida)

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. 714-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A.R. Drake ◽  
M. Power ◽  
M. A. Koops ◽  
S. E. Doka ◽  
N. E. Mandrak
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
First Year ◽  
High Discharge ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Growth Variability ◽  
Substrate Composition ◽  
Structured Population ◽  
Northern Edge ◽  
First Year Of Life

Environmental factors affecting growth of the threatened eastern sand darter ( Ammocrypta pellucida (Putnam, 1863)) were examined using specimens sampled from the northern edge of its range to determine the species’ critical habitat. Length-at-age increments were determined from scale samples as surrogates for growth rates based on back-calculated lengths using the Fraser–Lee method. During the first year of life, 82% of total length is attained, suggesting considerable energetic partitioning towards reproduction following age-0. Positive relationships between age-0 length increments and sand substrates and between age-0 length increments and mean annual channel discharge indicated greatest first-year growth within sand-dominated, high-discharge habitats. Environmental factors that occurred at coarse spatial and temporal levels (i.e., mean annual channel discharge) explained more of the growth variability among eastern sand darters than those occurring at fine levels (i.e., site-level substrate composition). This study indicates that environmental factors can be used to explain variability in cohort-structured population and site-level growth of eastern sand darters.

Reproductive Cycleso Of the Razor Clam Ensis Siliqua and the Clam Venus Striatula off Vilamoura, Southern Portugal

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1247-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.B. Gaspar ◽  
C.C. Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Gonadal Development ◽  
First Year ◽  
Razor Clam ◽  
Ensis Siliqua ◽  
Southern Portugal ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Reproductive Cycles ◽  
A Site ◽  
First Year Of Life

Annual reproductive cycles of two commercially important bivalves, the razor clam Ensis siliqua and the clam Venus striatula were investigated. Specimens of both species were sampled monthly from a site off Vilamoura, south of Portugal, between June 1992 and May 1993. Gonadal development was monitored using standard histological methods. Observed gametogenic progression was categorized by six stages: (0) inactive; (I) early active gametogenesis; (II) late active gametogenesis; (HI) ripe; (IV) partially spawned; and (V) spent. Both males and females showed a synchronism in gonadal development. The gametogenesis in the razor clam began in December and by late April the gonads were characterized morphologically by an abundance of ripe eggs and sperm. Partially spawned individuals were first encountered in May. All were spent by July. The gametogenic activity in V. striatula began in the months of October/November and continued until March. Spawning occurred between April and early August. Both species reached maturity during the first year of life.

Parental factors affecting respiratory function during the first year of life

2000 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 331-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Young ◽  
Duane L. Sherrill ◽  
Jacqueline Arnott ◽  
Dean Diepeveen ◽  
Peter N. LeSou�f ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Function ◽  
First Year ◽  
Parental Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
First Year Of Life

Gametogenesis and spawning in the subtidal white clam Spisula solida, in relation to temperature

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 753-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.B. Gaspar ◽  
C.C. Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
First Year ◽  
Southern Portugal ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
A Site ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Definite Temperature

Seasonal variations in reproductive cycle of Spisula solida were studied between June 1995 and June 1996 at a site off Vilamoura, southern Portugal. Sex ratio was found to be in favour of males. Both males and females showed a synchronism in gonadal development and spawning. Gametogenic activity started with decreasing temperature at the beginning of autumn. The onset of spawning took place in February when the seawater temperature began to increase. Spawning ended in May. It is possible that the white clam does not spawn at a definite temperature, rather responding to the increase in seawater temperature. Between June and September, the specimens were found to be in the resting stage and the condition index increased, probably due to the accumulation of reserves. Spisula solida reached maturity during the first year of life.

Comparative characteristics of risk factors in children in the first year of life

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Alla Alekseevna Zapisnaya ◽  
Elena Iliynichna Sharafanova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Maternity Hospital ◽  
First Year ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Perinatal Center ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
First Year Of Life

The article is devoted to studying the influence of risk factors on the development of hearing loss and deafness in children in the first year of life, their frequency and structure. Results. The article shows the results of audiological screening (stage 2) in children aged 1 month to 1 year. Factors affecting hearing pathology in children in the first year of life are discussed. Untimely detection of hearing loss in children at an early age leads to deafness and, as a result, to disability of children [1]. Conclusion. Carrying out mass audiological screening of newborns at stage 1 — in a maternity hospital or perinatal center, and a comprehensive audiological examination of children at risk of hearing loss at stage 2 — in surdology centers and offices contributes to the timely detection of disorders in young children and to the implementation of corrective measures necessary for the child's speech and psycho-emotional development.

The Development of Swallowing Respiratory Coordination

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Maggie-Lee Huckabee
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Activation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Nasal Airflow ◽  
Single Session ◽  
Primary Finding ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
Cortical Modulation ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Swallowing Apnea

Abstract Research exists that evaluates the mechanics of swallowing respiratory coordination in healthy children and adults as well and individuals with swallowing impairment. The research program summarized in this article represents a systematic examination of swallowing respiratory coordination across the lifespan as a means of behaviorally investigating mechanisms of cortical modulation. Using time-locked recordings of submental surface electromyography, nasal airflow, and thyroid acoustics, three conditions of swallowing were evaluated in 20 adults in a single session and 10 infants in 10 sessions across the first year of life. The three swallowing conditions were selected to represent a continuum of volitional through nonvolitional swallowing control on the basis of a decreasing level of cortical activation. Our primary finding is that, across the lifespan, brainstem control strongly dictates the duration of swallowing apnea and is heavily involved in organizing the integration of swallowing and respiration, even in very early infancy. However, there is evidence that cortical modulation increases across the first 12 months of life to approximate more adult-like patterns of behavior. This modulation influences primarily conditions of volitional swallowing; sleep and naïve swallows appear to not be easily adapted by cortical regulation. Thus, it is attention, not arousal that engages cortical mechanisms.

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