scholarly journals Aggression and discrimination among closely versus distantly related species of Drosophila

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarun Gupta ◽  
Sarah E. Howe ◽  
Marlo L. Zorman ◽  
Brent L. Lockwood
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Future Study ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Male Aggression ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Behavioral Bias ◽  
Heterospecific Aggression

AbstractFighting between different species is widespread in the animal kingdom, yet this phenomenon has been relatively understudied in the field of aggression research. Particularly lacking are studies that test the effect of genetic distance, or relatedness, on aggressive behavior between species. Here we characterized male-male aggression within and between species of fruit flies across the Drosophila phylogeny. We show that male Drosophila discriminate between conspecifics and heterospecifics and show a bias for the target of aggression that depends on the genetic relatedness of opponent males. Specifically, males of closely related species treated conspecifics and heterospecifics equally, whereas males of distantly related species were overwhelmingly aggressive toward conspecifics. To our knowledge, this is the first study to quantify aggression between Drosophila species and to establish a behavioral bias for aggression against conspecifics versus heterospecifics. Our results suggest that future study of heterospecific aggression behavior in Drosophila is warranted to investigate the degree to which these trends in aggression among species extend to broader behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary contexts.

scholarly journals Aggression and discrimination among closely versus distantly related species of Drosophila

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 190069
Author(s):  
Tarun Gupta ◽  
Sarah E. Howe ◽  
Marlo L. Zorman ◽  
Brent L. Lockwood
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Future Study ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Male Aggression ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Heterospecific Aggression

Fighting between different species is widespread in the animal kingdom, yet this phenomenon has been relatively understudied in the field of aggression research. Particularly lacking are studies that test the effect of genetic distance, or relatedness, on aggressive behaviour between species. Here we characterized male–male aggression within and between species of fruit flies across the Drosophila phylogeny. We show that male Drosophila discriminate between conspecifics and heterospecifics and show a bias for the target of aggression that depends on the genetic relatedness of opponent males. Specifically, males of closely related species treated conspecifics and heterospecifics equally, whereas males of distantly related species were overwhelmingly aggressive towards conspecifics. To our knowledge, this is the first study to quantify aggression between Drosophila species and to establish a behavioural bias for aggression against conspecifics versus heterospecifics. Our results suggest that future study of heterospecific aggression behaviour in Drosophila is warranted to investigate the degree to which these trends in aggression among species extend to broader behavioural, ecological and evolutionary contexts.

Genetic Relatedness and Variability in Three Marine Angelfish Species Revealed by Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 244-247
Author(s):  
Manish Kumar ◽  
M. Thangaraj ◽  
T. T. Ajith Kumar ◽  
R. Thirumaraiselvi
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Species Status ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Random Primers ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction was used to estimate thegenetic relationships and variability in three closely related species of angelfishes(Family Pomacanthidae). Ten random primers were screened to identifyspecies â€specific bands in Pomacanthus imperator, P. annularis and Apolemichthysxanthurus. The total numbers of scorable bands were 253, inwhich the numbers of species  â€specific bands were 153. By this study it wasobserved that, P. imperator was very closer to P. annularis with a geneticsimilarity of 0.1322and farthest to A. xanthurus with the genetic distance of0.8182. The UPGMA â€ neighbour joining tree grouped the three species intoseparate clusters emphasizing the distinct species status.

scholarly journals Identification of CITES-Listed Euphorbia royleana through DNA Barcoding Technology: A New Facet in Wildlife Forensics

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-272
Author(s):  
Mukesh Thakar ◽  
Tina Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Species Discrimination ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Wildlife Forensics ◽  
Interspecific Genetic Distance ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Endangered Status ◽  
Discrimination Method

Disorganized and chaotic collection of the Euphorbia plant species from the wild is one of the major reasons for its endangered status. According to CITES, the trade in Euphorbia royleana species is prohibited under Appendix II. However, the trade continues unabated as current identification methods do not discriminate between closely related species.  In the present study, a DNA barcoding method has been used to establish inter- and intra-specific divergences of both matK and rbcL regions by using pairwise genetic distance measurement methods for evaluating the maximum barcoding gap. The matk and rbcL yielded a 100% amplification and sequencing success rate to distinguish closely related species of Euphorbia royleana unambiguously. The matk and rbcL showed average interspecific genetic distance divergence values of 0.031and 0.015, respectively. The maximum number of species-specific SNPs was observed in matK sequences at seven consecutive sites, which could distinguish Euphorbia royleana from closely related species.  The best candidate barcoding region to identify Euphorbia royleana was found to be matK with a single-locus barcoding approach. Furthermore, the species discrimination method was developed with the help of species-specific SNPs derived from the matK barcoding region to accurately authenticate Euphorbia royleana, and it provided 100% species resolution

Allozyme variation in three closely related species of Caucasian rock lizards (Lacerta)

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross D. MacCulloch ◽  
F.D. Danielyan ◽  
Ilya S. Darevsky ◽  
Robert W. Murphy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Direct Count ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Polymorphic Loci ◽  
Allozyme Loci ◽  
Insular Populations

AbstractGenetic diversity at 37 allozyme loci was surveyed from Lacerta valentini (4 populations), L. portschinskii and L. rudis (1 population each). The number of polymorphic loci ranged from 1 (L. valentini) to 11 (L. rudis). Mean heterozygosity (direct count) ranged from 0.003 (L. valentini) to 0.071 (L. rudis). Nei's (1978) genetic distance ranged from 0-0.03 among populations of L. valentini, 0.127-0.163 between L. valentini and L. rudis and 0.366-0.487 between L. portschinskii and the two other taxa. Indices of genetic variability for species having disjunct distributions were lower than in species with contiguous distributions, similar to the case of insular populations, which have lower values than do mainland populations.

The Mentality of Apes Revisited

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Povinelli ◽  
Jesse M. Bering
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Comparative Psychology ◽  
Adaptive Skills ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Animal Minds ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Human Uniqueness

Although early comparative psychology was seriously marred by claims of our species'supremacy, the residual backlash against these archaic evolutionary views is still being felt, even though our understanding of evolutionary biology is now sufficiently advanced to grapple with possible cognitive specializations that our species does not share with closely related species. The overzealous efforts to dismantle arguments of human uniqueness have only served to show that most comparative psychologists working with apes have yet to set aside the antiquated evolutionary ”ladder.“ Instead, they have only attempted to pull chimpanzees up to the ladder's highest imaginary rung — or perhaps, to pull humans down to an equally imaginary rung at the height of the apes. A true comparative science of animal minds, however, will recognize the complex diversity of the animal kingdom, and will thus view Homo sapiens as one more species with a unique set of adaptive skills crying out to be identified and understood.

scholarly journals Genetic relatedness and taxonomy in closely related species of Hedysarum (Fabaceae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 176-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia S. Zvyagina ◽  
Olga V. Dorogina ◽  
Pilar Catalan
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Closely Related Species

scholarly journals Comparing Morphological With Genetic Distances Between Populations: A New Method and its Application to the Prosopis chilensis – P. flexuosa complex

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Verga ◽  
H.-R. Gregorius
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Numerical Taxonomy ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
New Method ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Prosopis Chilensis ◽  
Basic Studies ◽  
Productive Systems

Abstract The biological units that are the object of management, preservation and improvement for the development of sustainable productive systems in natural areas, need to be differentiated and analyzed. Attending to this need, a new morphological distance is presented in this work. This distance is based on qualitative criteria and is applied to numerical taxonomy studies. The characteristics of this trait allow its comparison with the genetic distance of GREGORIUS (1974). Both parameters are essential tools in basic studies of native species populations. The morphological distance is applied to reveal genetically differentiated units in a swarm of hybrids between closely related species, and this result is compared with the results obtained from the application of traditional methods of numerical taxonomy.

scholarly journals Phylogenetics of native conifer species in Vietnam based on two chloroplast gene regions rbcL and matK

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
Mai Phuong Pham ◽  
Viet Ha Tran ◽  
Dinh Duy Vu ◽  
Quoc Khanh Nguyen ◽  
Syed Noor Muhammad Shah
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Chloroplast Gene ◽  
Posterior Probabilities ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Matk Gene

We used two chloroplast gene regions (matK and rbcL) as a tool for the identification of 33 local conifer species. All 136 sequences, 101 newly generated (14 species for gene matK; 16 species for gene rbcL) and 35 retrieved from the GenBank, were used in the analysis. The highest genetic distance (matK region) was recorded between the species in Cupressaceae with an average of 5% (0.1–8.5), Podocarpaceae with an average of 6% (0–8.5), Taxaceae with an average of 5% (0.2–0.5) and Pinaceae with an average of 20.4% (0.8–54.1). The rbcL region showed a low genetic distance between the species in Cupressaceae 2% (0–3.3), Podocarpaceae 3% (0.6–3.4), Taxaceae 1% (0–2.1) and Pinaceae 1.2% (0–5.82). The phylogenetic analyses using the Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) bootstrap values obtained at the branching nodes of each species ranged from 62 to 100% (Maximum likelihood bootstrap – MLBS and Bayesian posterior probabilities – BPP) for the matK gene; from 66 to 100% (MLBS) and 60 to 100% (BPP) for the rbcL region. The rbcL region was not identified between the species of Taxaceae and Cephalotaxaceae. The matK gene region was very clear in the different species among the families (Cupressaceae, Podocarpaceae, and Cephalotaxaceae) and unsuitable for identifying closely related species in Amentotaxus (Taxaceae) and Pinus (Pinaceae). The gene (matK) is a useful tool as a barcode in the identification of conifer species of Cupressaceae, Podocarpaceae, and Cephalotaxaceae in Vietnam.

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