scholarly journals A retrospective assessment of temperature trends in northern Europe reveals a deep impact on the life cycle of Ixodes ricinus (Acarina: Ixodidae)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustin Estrada-Peña
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Deep Impact ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Retrospective Assessment ◽  
Alpine Regions ◽  
Development Rates ◽  
Accumulated Temperature

1. AbstractThis study modelled the changes in the development processes of the health-threatening tick Ixodes acinus in northern Europe as driven by the trends of temperature (1950-2016). I used the ECA&D dataset of temperature interpolated at a resolution of 0.25o as the base data for further calculations, which were based on a previously developed process-driven model of the tick. I used the annual accumulated temperature in the period 1950-2016 to obtain the development rates of the oviposition, incubation, larva-nymph, and nymph-adult molts. Annual values were used to ascertain the trend in development rates of each stage. The ecological division of northern Europe (LANMAP2) was used to summarize results along large regions. The temperature in the years 1950-2016 clearly increased in every area of the target territory. The largest increase was observed for a wide territory eastern to Baltic countries, north-eastern Sweden and northern Finland. The development rates of every tested life cycle process had a trend to being faster throughout the time series. Moderate to high increase of the oviposition rates (70%-100% faster) resulted in central Sweden, Baltic countries, parts of Finland, and adjacent territories of Russia. Faster (70%-90%) incubation and molting rates were consistently observed in the same territories and also in large areas of western Norway. The trend of temperature in the period 1950-2016 shows a consistent inflection point around the year 1990, when the slope of the time series of temperature drastically rose. A comparison between 1950-1990 and 1991-2016 demonstrated that annual accumulated temperature was 86% and 26% higher in the Alpine regions, 7%-8% in the Atlantic and 157%, 10% and 16% in Boreal, Continental, and Nemoral regions, respectively. It is concluded that (i) accumulated annual temperature is clearly increasing in the studied territory, (ii) changes were larger since approximately the year 1990, and (iii) these changes have a deep impact on the life cycle of the tick I. ricinus. Faster development rates could be part of the processes driving the reported spread of the tick in the target area and should be considered as a serious thread to human health.

scholarly journals A Retrospective Assessment of Temperature Trends in Northern Europe Reveals a Deep Impact on the Life Cycle of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae)

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 345
Author(s):  
Agustin Estrada-Peña ◽  
Natalia Fernández-Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Retrospective Assessment ◽  
Development Rates ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Accumulated Temperature ◽  
Faster Development

This study modelled the changes in the development processes of the health-threatening tick Ixodes ricinus in Northern Europe as driven by the trends of temperature (1950–2018). We used the ECA&D dataset to calculate the annual accumulated temperature to obtain the development rates of the oviposition, incubation, larva–nymph, and nymph–adult molts. Annual values were used to ascertain the trend in development rates of each stage. The ecological classification of Northern Europe (LANMAP2) was used to summarize results. The temperature in 1950–2018 clearly increased in the target territory. The development rates of every tested life cycle process were faster along the time series. Faster oviposition and incubation rates resulted in central Sweden, Baltic countries, and parts of Finland. Faster molting rates were observed in the same territories and in large areas of Western Norway. The trend of temperature in the period 1950–2018 shows a consistent inflection point around 1990, demonstrating that the increased annual accumulated temperature has a deeper impact on the life cycle of I. ricinus since approximately 1990. Faster development rates could be part of the processes driving the reported spread of the tick in the target area and should be considered as a serious threat to human health.

scholarly journals Caterpillars of the marsh fritillary butterfly Euphydryas aurinia can extend their life-cycle in Scotland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil O. M. Ravenscroft
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
First Year ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Euphydryas Aurinia ◽  
High Conservation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Marsh Fritillary

AbstractThe marsh fritillary Euphydryas aurinia is declining across Europe and is of high conservation interest. Its ecology has been defined and its conservation status assessed primarily from the affinities and populations of young caterpillars in the autumn, before hibernation and high winter mortality. The possibility that caterpillars of E. aurinia can overwinter more than once was investigated on the Isle of Islay, Scotland after caterpillars were found to occur at some locations in the spring despite a pre-hibernation absence. Closely-related species in North America and Northern Europe can prolong larval development by diapausing for a year as does E. aurinia in Scandinavia. Measurements of development and manipulations of distribution confirmed that some caterpillars do extend the life-cycle in Scotland and may occur in areas devoid of larvae in their first year. Caterpillars attempting this life-cycle develop slowly in spring, attain the normal penultimate spring instar and then enter diapause while other caterpillars are pupating. They moult just before diapause, construct highly cryptic webs and on emergence the following spring are 5–6 times heavier than larvae emerging in their first spring, or the equivalent of a month or so ahead. They attain a final, extra instar as larvae in their first spring reach the penultimate instar. Knowledge of this life-cycle is confined in the UK to Islay but its occurrence in this mild climate implies that it is more widespread.Implications for insect conservation Conditions that permit long diapause are probably precise and may not be reflected in recognised qualities of habitat. The species may also be present despite a perceived absence in autumn, the standard period for monitoring. Assessments of the prevalence of the life-cycle and its contribution to the persistence of E. aurinia are required. Populations of E. aurinia are known to fluctuate greatly and do occur below the observation threshold for long periods.

Chrysomyxa abietis (needle rust of fir).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Significant Problem ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Obligate Parasite ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Accidental Introduction

Abstract C. abietis is a microcyclic rust fungus; an obligate parasite completing its life cycle on species of Picea (spruce). Only the current year's needles of Picea are infected and those needles are shed early. Reported from northern Europe and Asia, the fungus is a Regulated Pest for the USA. It is absent from North America, where susceptible species are native, and Australia and New Zealand, where they are introduced. Although usually not a significant problem in its native range, because conditions are not favourable for heavy infections every year (Smith et al., 1988; Hansen, 1997), this rust could be more damaging as an invasive in other temperate areas. Due to the fact that small amounts of infection may be overlooked, accidental introduction could occur through importation of infected seedlings or young trees.

Analysis of trends, periodicities, and correlations in the beryllium-7 time series in Northern Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
pp. 160-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Bianchi ◽  
Wolfango Plastino ◽  
Erika Brattich ◽  
Vladimir Djurdjevic ◽  
Alessandro Longo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Northern Europe

scholarly journals Preliminary Results on HAT-P-4, TrES-3, XO-2, and GJ 436 from the NASA EPOXI Mission

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (S253) ◽  
pp. 470-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Ballard ◽  
David Charbonneau ◽  
Michael F. A'Hearn ◽  
Drake Deming ◽  
Matthew J. Holman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Extrasolar Planet ◽  
Deep Impact ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Science Investigation ◽  
Discovery Program ◽  
Exoplanet Systems

AbstractEPOXI (EPOCh + DIXI) is a NASA Discovery Program Mission of Opportunity using the Deep Impact flyby spacecraft. The EPOCh (Extrasolar Planet Observation and Characterization) Science Investigation will gather photometric time series of known transiting exoplanet systems from January through August 2008. Here we describe the steps in the photometric extraction of the time series and present preliminary results of the first four EPOCh targets.

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