scholarly journals Animal virus ecology and evolution are shaped by the virus host-body infiltration and colonization pattern.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Slingenbergh
Keyword(s):  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Organ System ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Cell Infection ◽  
Virus Classification ◽  
Host Environment ◽  
Animal Virus ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
System Involvement ◽  
Virus Genomes

Abstract The current classification of animal viruses primarily relates to the virus molecular world, the genomic architecture and the corresponding host-cell infection cycle. This virus centered perspective does not make allowance for the precept that virus fitness hinges on the virus transmission success. Virus transmission reflects the infection-shedding-transmission dynamics and, with it, the organ system involvement and other, macroscopic dimensions of the host environment. This study examines the transmission ecology of the world main livestock viruses, 36 in total, belonging to eleven different families, and a mix of RNA, DNA and retroviruses. Viruses are virtually ranked in an outer- to inner-body fashion, based on the shifting organ system involvement and associated infection-shedding-transmission dynamics. As a next step, this ranking is disentangled with the aim to contrast two main host ecologies, poultry plus pig production and ruminant plus equine husbandry, as well as to create a distinction among the RNA, DNA and retroviruses, also ranked in an outer- to inner-body fashion. Spearman correlation reveals the matches among these various virus traits, as pertaining to the two host-ecologies, four infection-shedding-transmission related variables, and the three virus genomes. The collective results reveal the outer- to inner-body shifts in the interplay of host environment, virus-host interactions, and nature of the virus. Two opposing virus evolution pathways emerge, respectively for generalist type, outer-body and for specialist type, inner-body viruses. The ecological virus classification here presented is broadly consistent with the current virus classification system and offers the advantage of bringing substance and cohesion to the interrelationships among viruses and virus families.

scholarly journals Animal Virus Ecology and Evolution Are Shaped by the Virus Host-Body Infiltration and Colonization Pattern

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Jan Slingenbergh
Keyword(s):  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Organ System ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Cell Infection ◽  
Host Environment ◽  
Animal Virus ◽  
Host Tropism ◽  
System Involvement

The current classification of animal viruses is largely based on the virus molecular world. Less attention is given to why and how virus fitness results from the success of virus transmission. Virus transmission reflects the infection-shedding-transmission dynamics, and with it, the organ system involvement and other, macroscopic dimensions of the host environment. This study describes the transmission ecology of the world main livestock viruses, 36 in total, a mix of RNA, DNA and retroviruses. Following an iterative process, the viruses are virtually ranked in an outer- to inner-body fashion, by organ system, on ecological grounds. Also portrayed are the shifts in virus host tropism and virus genome. The synthesis of the findings reveals a predictive virus evolution framework, based on the outer- to inner-body changes in the interplay of host environment-transmission modes-organ system involvement-host cell infection cycle-virus genome. Outer-body viruses opportunistically respond to the variation in the external environment. For example, respiratory and enteric viruses tend to be associated with poultry and pig mass rearing. Ruminant and equine viruses tend to be more deep-rooted and host-specific, and also establish themselves in the vital inner-body systems. It is concluded that the framework may assist the study of new emerging viruses and pandemic risks.

scholarly journals Chikungunya and Zika Viruses: Co-Circulation and the Interplay between Viral Proteins and Host Factors

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 448
Author(s):  
Sineewanlaya Wichit ◽  
Nuttamonpat Gumpangseth ◽  
Rodolphe Hamel ◽  
Sakda Yainoy ◽  
Siwaret Arikit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Targeted Therapeutics ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Host Proteins ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Viral Host Interactions

Chikungunya and Zika viruses, both transmitted by mosquito vectors, have globally re-emerged over for the last 60 years and resulted in crucial social and economic concerns. Presently, there is no specific antiviral agent or vaccine against these debilitating viruses. Understanding viral–host interactions is needed to develop targeted therapeutics. However, there is presently limited information in this area. In this review, we start with the updated virology and replication cycle of each virus. Transmission by similar mosquito vectors, frequent co-circulation, and occurrence of co-infection are summarized. Finally, the targeted host proteins/factors used by the viruses are discussed. There is an urgent need to better understand the virus–host interactions that will facilitate antiviral drug development and thus reduce the global burden of infections caused by arboviruses.

Elucidating sequence and solvent specific design targets to protect and stabilize enzymes for biocatalysis in ionic liquids

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (26) ◽  
pp. 17426-17433 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Sprenger ◽  
J. G. Plaks ◽  
J. L. Kaar ◽  
J. Pfaendtner
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Structure Function ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Specific Design ◽  
Host Environment ◽  
Host Interactions

For many different frameworks, the structure, function, and dynamics of an enzyme is largely determined by the nature of its interactions with the surrounding host environment, thus a molecular level understanding of enzyme/host interactions is essential to the design of new processes and applications.

Clinical Characteristics and Organ System Involvement in Sarcoidosis: Comparison of the University of Minnesota Cohort and Other Cohorts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hok Sreng ◽  
David M Perlman ◽  
Chetan Shenoy ◽  
Daniel J Steinberger ◽  
Rebecca J Cogswell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Organ System ◽  
Assessment Instrument ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
University Of Minnesota ◽  
System Involvement ◽  
Tertiary Center ◽  
The University

Abstract Background: Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. Clinical cohort studies of different populations are important to understand the high variability in clinical presentation and disease course of sarcoidosis. The aim of the study is to evaluate clinical characteristics, including organ involvement, pulmonary function tests, and laboratory parameters, in a sarcoidosis cohort at the University of Minnesota. We compare the organ system involvement of this cohort with other available cohorts. Methods: We conducted a retrospective data collection and analysis of 187 subjects with biopsy-proven sarcoidosis seen at a tertiary center. Organ system involvement was determined using the WASOG sarcoidosis organ assessment instrument. Clinical phenotype groups were classified using the Genomic Research in Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency and Sarcoidosis criteria. Results: Mean subject age at diagnosis was 45.8 ± 12.4, with a higher proportion of males (55.1%), and a higher proportion of blacks (17.1%) compared to the racial distribution of Minnesota residents (5.95%). The majority (71.1%) of subjects required anti-inflammatory therapy for at least 1 month. Compared to the A Case Control Etiologic Study of Sarcoidosis cohort, there was a higher frequency of extra-thoracic lymph node (34.2% vs. 15.2%), eye (20.9% vs. 11.8%), liver (17.6% vs. 11.5%), spleen (20.9% vs. 6.7%), musculoskeletal (9.6% vs. 0.5%), and cardiac (10.7% vs. 2.3%) involvement in our cohort. A multisystem disease with at least five different organs involved was identified in 13.4% of subjects. A restrictive physiological pattern was observed in 21.6% of subjects, followed by an obstructive pattern in 17.3% and mixed obstructive and restrictive pattern in 2.2%. Almost half (49.2%) were Scadding stages II/III. Commonly employed disease activity markers, including soluble interleukin-2 receptor and angiotensin-converting enzyme, did not differ between treated and untreated groups. Conclusions: This cohort features a relatively high frequency of high-risk sarcoidosis phenotypes including cardiac and multiorgan disease. Commonly-utilized serum biomarkers do not identify subpopulations that require or do better with treatment. Findings from this study present further the high-variability nature of sarcoidosis and the need for a more reliable biomarker to predict and measure disease severity and outcomes for better clinical management for sarcoidosis patients.

scholarly journals Clinical characteristics and organ system involvement in sarcoidosis: comparison of the University of Minnesota Cohort with other cohorts

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hok Sreng Te ◽  
David M. Perlman ◽  
Chetan Shenoy ◽  
Daniel J. Steinberger ◽  
Rebecca J. Cogswell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Organ System ◽  
University Of Minnesota ◽  
System Involvement ◽  
The University
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document