scholarly journals Pyrenophora teres and Rhynchosporium secalis infections in malt barley as influenced by genotype, spatial and temporal effects and nitrogen fertilization

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petros Vahamidis ◽  
Angeliki Stefopoulou ◽  
Christina S. Lagogianni ◽  
Garyfalia Economou ◽  
Nicholas Dercas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Rate ◽  
Leaf Scald ◽  
Malt Barley

SummaryNet form net blotch (NFNB) and barley leaf scald are among the most important barley diseases worldwide and particularly in Greece. Their occurrence in malt barley can exert a significant negative effect on malt barley grain yield and quality. An experimental trial across two growing seasons was implemented in Greece in order i) to assess the epidemiology of NFNB and leaf scald in a barley disease free area when the initial inoculation of field occurs through infected seeds, and ii) to further explore the relationship among nitrogen rate, grain yield, quality variables (i.e. grain protein content and grain size) and disease severity and epidemiology. It was demonstrated that both NFNB and leaf scald can be carried over from one season to the next on infected seed under Mediterranean conditions. However, disease severity was more pronounced after barley tillering phase when soil had been successfully inoculated first. When nitrogen rate and genotype were the main sources of variation the epidemiology assessment was implemented with hotspot and Anselin Local Moran’s I analysis. It was found that the location of hotspots was modified during growing season. Soil and plant variables were assessed for the explanation of this variability. According to commonality analysis the effect of distance from the locations with the highest disease infections was a better predictor of disease severity (for both diseases) compared to nitrogen rate during pre-anthesis period. However, disease severity after anthesis was best explained by nitrogen rate only for the most susceptible cultivars to NFNB. The effect of disease infections on yield, grain size and grain protein content varied in relation to genotype, pathogen and stage of crop development. The importance of crop residues on the evolution of both diseases was also highlighted.

scholarly journals Pyrenophora teres and Rhynchosporium secalis Establishment in a Mediterranean Malt Barley Field: Assessing Spatial, Temporal and Management Effects

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 553
Author(s):  
Petros Vahamidis ◽  
Angeliki Stefopoulou ◽  
Christina S. Lagogianni ◽  
Garyfalia Economou ◽  
Nicholas Dercas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Rhynchosporium Secalis ◽  
Pyrenophora Teres ◽  
Nitrogen Rate ◽  
Leaf Scald ◽  
Malt Barley

Malt barley is one of the promising crops in Greece, mainly due to high yields and contract farming, which have led to an increase in malt barley acreage. Net form net blotch (NFNB), caused by Pyrenophora teres f. teres, and barley leaf scald, caused by Rhynchosporium secalis, are among the most important barley diseases worldwide and particularly in Greece. Their occurrence in malt barley can exert a significant negative effect on malt barley grain yield and quality. An experimental trial across two growing seasons was implemented in Greece in order (i) to estimate the epidemiology of NFNB and leaf scald in a barley disease-free area when the initial inoculation of the field occurs through infected seeds, (ii) to explore the spatial dynamics of disease spread under the interaction of the nitrogen rate and genotype when there are limited sources of infected host residues in the soil and (iii) to assess the relationship among the nitrogen rate, grain yield, quality variables (i.e., grain protein content and grain size) and disease severity. It was confirmed that both NFNB and leaf scald can be carried over from one season to the next on infected seed under Mediterranean conditions. However, the disease severity was more pronounced after the barley tillering phase when the soil had been successfully inoculated, which supports the hypothesis that the most important source of primary inoculum for NFNB comes from infected host residue. Increasing the rate of nitrogen application, when malt barley was cultivated in the same field for a second year in a row, caused a non-significant increase in disease severity for both pathogens from anthesis onwards. However, hotspot and commonality analyses revealed that spatial and genotypic effects were mainly responsible for hiding this effect. In addition, it was found that the effect of disease infections on yield, grain size and grain protein content varied in relation to the genotype, pathogen and stage of crop development. The importance of crop residues in the evolution of both diseases was also highlighted.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation in Grain Yield and Quality Traits of Spring Malting Barley

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1177
Author(s):  
Yuncai Hu ◽  
Gero Barmeier ◽  
Urs Schmidhalter
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Brewing Industry ◽  
Quality Properties ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

Cultivation of malting barley is particularly challenging as the requirements of growers, for high yield, and that of the brewing industry, seeking a specific quality criteria, must be met simultaneously. Furthermore, significant genotypic and environmental variations in grain yield and quality properties may occur. To investigate the relationships between grain yield and quality parameters of spring malting barley, a 2-year experiment was carried out in order to characterise the genotypic and year effects on grain yield, quality properties, and yield components of 23 high-yielding varieties of spring malting barley under optimal nitrogen (N) fertilisation. Compared to the grain quality properties of the grain protein content and the grain retention fraction of grain size >2.5 mm, less genotypic and environmental variation in grain yield was observed. Grain yield was closely related to spikes per m2, suggesting the importance of tiller formation and establishment as a decisive factor influencing malting barley yields. A major interactive effect of genotypes and year on grain size was observed. Regarding weather effects, the global radiation intensity during the post-anthesis phase was the major factor affecting the final grain size in this study. Grain protein content was primarily dependent on the year effect, suggesting that optimal N fertilisation levels must vary between years to ensure the correct protein content required for the needs of the brewing industry is met. Therefore, we recommend further development strategies addressing N fertilisation and soil N mineralisation to optimise the production of spring malting barley.

Differences among bread wheat genotypes for tissue nitrogen content and their relationship to grain yield and protein content

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Rostami ◽  
L O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Nitrogen Rate ◽  
Ground Sample ◽  
Tissue Nitrogen

This study was conducted to examine genotypic differences in tissue nitrogen content of wheat and establish the extent to which they were related to variation in grain yield and protein content. Thirty-six genotypes consisting of cultivars and advanced breeding lines were grown at four rates of applied nitrogen: 0, 50, 100 and 200 kg N/ha, for 3 years. Above-ground plant matter was harvested at approximately Zadoks growth stage 31 (commencement of stem elongation), microwaved for 4 min, then oven-dried at 60�C. Tissue nitrogen content of the hammermill-ground sample and grain protein content were determined by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectrometry. Genotypic differences in tissue nitrogen content, grain yield and protein content were established in each year. Maxima for tissue nitrogen and grain protein were obtained at the highest nitrogen rate, whereas the minima were at the zero rate. Yield responses to nitrogen application varied between years. Tissue nitrogen content was positively correlated with grain protein content in 8 of 12 within individual nitrogen rate comparisons. Over all nitrogen rates, the two variables were significantly positively correlated (ranging from r = 0.453 to r = 0.771). Tissue nitrogen content and protein content generally exhibited high heritability estimates within and over years, whereas grain yield had a high within year but a low over years heritability value. The use of tissue nitrogen content provides a possible basis for a screening test to select for yield and protein content in wheat breeding programs.

Variability for grain protein content among germplasm accessions and advanced breeding lines in dolichos bean (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet var. Lignosus Prain)

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (03) ◽  
pp. 289-292
Author(s):  
Pranesh ◽  
S. Ramesh
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Lablab Purpureus ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Protein Rich ◽  
Germplasm Accessions

AbstractProtein energy malnutrition (PEM) is prevalent in south-east Asian countries including India. Breeding and introduction of grain protein-rich varieties of legumes such as dolichos bean is considered as cost-effective approach to combat PEM. Exploitation of genetic variability within germplasm accessions (GAs) and/or breeding populations is the short-term strategy for identification and delivery of protein-rich dolichos bean cultivars to cater to the immediate needs of the farmers and target population. A set of 118 dolichos bean genotypes consisting of 96 GAs and 20 advanced breeding lines (ABLs) and two released varieties (RVs) was field evaluated in augmented deign for dry grain yield per plant and their grain protein contents were estimated. The grain protein content among the genotypes ranged from 18.82 to 24.5% with a mean of 21.73%. The magnitude of estimates of absolute range, standardized range, and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) for grain protein content was higher among GAs than those among ABLs + RVs. However, average grain protein contents of GAs were comparable to those of ABLs + RVs. Nearly 50% of the genotypes (mostly GAs) had significantly higher grain protein content than those of RVs, HA 3 and HA 4. The grain protein contents of the genotypes were poorly correlated with grain yield per plant. These results are discussed in relation to strategies to breed grain protein-rich dolichos bean cultivars.

Effect of late application of nitrogen on the yield and protein content of wheat

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (115) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Strong
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Price Ratio ◽  
N Application ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Supplementary Irrigation

On the Darling Downs the growth and yield of a semi-dwarf wheat (cv. Oxley) under supplementary irrigation was increased by the application of up to 400 kg/ha of nitrogen (N) at planting. Nitrogen at 50 or 100 kg/ha applied at the boot stage to supplement 100 kg/ha applied at planting increased grain yield by 459 and 478 kg/ha, respectively. However, yields were still below those where all the N was applied at planting. In contrast, supplementary N (0, 25, 50 or 100 kg/ha) at flowering or after flowering generally did not increase grain yield. One exception to this was where only 50 kg/ha was applied at planting; an additional 100 kg/ha at flowering increased grain yield by 602 kg/ha. Applied at planting, more than 200 kg/ha of N was needed to produce premium grade wheat (i.e. protein content above 11.4%). To achieve this protein content where 100 kg/ha had been applied at planting an additional 100 kg/ha was needed at the boot stage or 50 kg/ha at flowering. Applied after flowering, up to 100 kg/ha of additional N produced wheat of a protein content too low to attract a premium payment. A similar quantity of N was assimilated whether the entire N application was applied at planting or where the application was split between planting and boot or flowering. Less N was assimilated when the application was split between planting and after flowering. More N was assimilated from soil than from foliar applications at the boot stage. Soil and foliar applications were equally effective at flowering in increasing the amount of N assimilated as well as the grain protein content. However, after flowering foliar application was the more effective method. The application of N at flowering to increase the protein content of this semi-dwarf cultivar is not an attractive commercial practice. The price ratio of premium to Australian Standard White wheat in recent years (<1.071 ) is less than that needed (1.0954-1.3013) to justify splitting the N application to lift grain protein content above 11.4% at the expense of yield.

scholarly journals Response of wheat yield and its components to zinc and iron application under different levels of nitrogen

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gheith El-Sayed ◽  
◽  
Ola El-Badry ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

To evaluate the effect of nitrogen, zinc and iron as soil application on yield and yield component of wheat, the present study was conducted at Agricultural and Experimental Research Station at Giza, Faculty of Agriculture Cairo University, Egypt during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons. The experimental design was split-plot in randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that positive significant effect on plant height, number of spike/m2, spike length; number of grain per spike, grain yield per unit area in both seasons and grain protein content in one season were achieved by application of N and the micronutrients. Whoever, the highest significant in the above mentioned characters was obtained either by application the highest N levels (100kg N /fed.) or in addition to mixture of Zn and Fe. The interaction between the studied factors had significant effect on plant height and grain yield in both seasons as well as on grain protein content in the second season, where the highest values of these parameters were recorded by application of 100kg N/fed., Zn and Fe in mixture.

scholarly journals Impact of Malt Barley Varieties on Malt Quality: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mekonnen Gebeyaw
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Brewing Industry ◽  
Malt Quality ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
Malt Barley

The greatest use of barley for malting purpose mostly for brewing industry. The quality of malt depends upon various grain parameters as kernel shape, size, boldness, grain protein content etc., which affects the malt quality that is malt yield, friability, homogeneity.The availability of barley for malting is not a problem, but whatever barley is available it is very poor interims of quality and not meeting the minimum standards of malting quality. So, that identification of malt barely varieties with different grain and malt parameters, which are desired for better malt production and quality improvement, needed for various products is very essential. Potential areas that boost the production, pertinent agronomic practice studies and strengthening micro malting laboratory and expert capacity are recommended to overcome the limitations of malt barley production and malt quality improvement.

Grain protein and grain yield of durum wheats from south-eastern Anatolia, Turkey

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 665 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Koç ◽  
C. Barutçular ◽  
N. Zencirci
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Environmental Effect ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Eastern Anatolia ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Crop Varieties

High grain protein in durum wheat [Triticum turgidum ssp. turgidum L. conv. Durum (Desf.)] is one of the main goals of breeding programs. Landraces may be very useful germplasm for achieving this goal. To examine their potential as a source of high grain protein content, 11 genotypes, including 7 landraces, were evaluated in 8 environments. Environment, genotype, and the interaction of the two (G E) significantly influenced the variation in grain yield, grain protein content, and grain protein yield. The environmental effect was the strongest, mostly due to differences in water supply. Grain yields of the modern genotypes were higher than those of landraces. Yields of the modern genotypes tended to respond more strongly to the higher yielding environments, but they varied more than the yields of landraces. With the exception of VK.85.18, the grain protein content of the high-yielding genotypes was almost as high as that of the best landraces. Moreover, grain protein content of these bred genotypes tended to respond more strongly to the higher protein environments. Differences in grain protein yield were closely related to the differences in grain yield. The results indicate that it is possible to improve grain protein content without grain yield being adversely affected. The results also indicate that potential gene sources should be compared over a number of environments before they can be used as breeding material or as crop varieties producing high grain protein yields.

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