scholarly journals Evidence of the Cost-Efficiency of Scale as seen in Polio Vaccination and Surveillance Costs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany L. Hagedorn ◽  
Laina D. Mercer ◽  
Guillaume Chabot-Couture
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Polio Vaccination ◽  
Program Costs ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThis analysis examined how polio program costs vary with scale for vaccination and disease surveillance, based on historical budget data published by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) from 2005 to 2018. We applied a linear mixed effects regression model in order to understand the cost structure of the historical GPEI budgets, with the goal that lessons learned from polio may be extended to other global disease elimination programs. Our findings demonstrate that there are economies of scale for vaccine delivery operations and for disease surveillance, which means that larger programs can leverage fixed costs and achieve better cost-efficiency as they scale. This finding should enable decision makers to create more reliable budgets, which support fundraising and optimal resource allocation. They also provide insight into how cost effectiveness changes as programs scale up during progressive disease control and elimination, as well as what level of resources are needed to sustain a program that is scaling back post-eradication and through to certification.

Cell Therapy: Early Process Development and Optimization of the Manufacturing Process are Critical to Ensure Viability of the Product, Quality, Consistency and Cost Efficiency

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ohad Karnieli
Keyword(s):  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Cost Drivers ◽  
Living Things ◽  
The Cost

In recent years cell therapies have evolved and matured, moving from academia to industry. Scale up of a process is the natural path of any product evolutionary development and maturation, this process not only allows higher manufacturing capacity to meet demands but rather to increases the yields and reduces cost of goods. Cells are living things that react to the environment and conditions in which they grow, therefore process changes should be done as early as possible. The traditional 2D culturing systems can be truly up scaled, therefore there is a need to advance to bioreactors that will influence the product. Additionally, in order to make cell therapy a viable one, the cost of manufacturing is critical. Cost drivers such as media, serum, footprint, human resource and infrastructure must be optimized without changing the cells critical quality attributes. The paper analyze the main cost drivers on the cost of goods and is based on the experience of cell manufacturing in both traditional 2D and three dimensional (3D) bioreactor systems produced in Pluristem therapeutics GMP site. Furthermore, the paper discussed possible process development steps to insure cost efficiency emphasizing the need and benefit of early process development investment.   

scholarly journals Cost Efficiency of Banks in Croatia

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 12-26
Author(s):  
Ivan Huljak
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Consolidation Process ◽  
Banking Efficiency ◽  
Frontier Analysis ◽  
Administrative Costs ◽  
Cost Efficiencies ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Foreign and larger banks in Croatia are generally considered to be more cost efficient compared with domestic and smaller banks. However, those views are often based on data from financial statements that can be misleading due to simultaneous consolidation process on the market and the existence of economies of scale. To contribute to the Croatian banking efficiency literature, we construct a panel of individual bank data for 1994-2014 period and conduct a frontier analysis to calculate bank specific X-efficiency. Our results suggest that efficiency scores depend on the cost definition as domestic and smaller banks are more efficient in managing administrative costs compared with foreign and larger banks but equally efficient in managing total costs. Results indicate that average bank relative efficiency increased on two occasions: one in the late 90s in the period of banking crisis and subsequent “market cleansing” and to a lesser extent in the period marked with financial crisis. Although the differences between bank cost efficiencies seem small, we conclude that the area is worth further research as significant gains in bank earnings could be achieved by increasing efficiency.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of the silent polio outbreak in Rahat, Israel, based on modeling of environmental surveillance data

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (45) ◽  
pp. E10625-E10633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew F. Brouwer ◽  
Joseph N. S. Eisenberg ◽  
Connor D. Pomeroy ◽  
Lester M. Shulman ◽  
Musa Hindiyeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Vaccination

Israel experienced an outbreak of wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) in 2013–2014, detected through environmental surveillance of the sewage system. No cases of acute flaccid paralysis were reported, and the epidemic subsided after a bivalent oral polio vaccination (bOPV) campaign. As we approach global eradication, polio will increasingly be detected only through environmental surveillance. We developed a framework to convert quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) cycle threshold data into scaled WPV1 and OPV1 concentrations for inference within a deterministic, compartmental infectious disease transmission model. We used this approach to estimate the epidemic curve and transmission dynamics, as well as assess alternate vaccination scenarios. Our analysis estimates the outbreak peaked in late June, much earlier than previous estimates derived from analysis of stool samples, although the exact epidemic trajectory remains uncertain. We estimate the basic reproduction number was 1.62 (95% CI 1.04–2.02). Model estimates indicate that 59% (95% CI 9–77%) of susceptible individuals (primarily children under 10 years old) were infected with WPV1 over a little more than six months, mostly before the vaccination campaign onset, and that the vaccination campaign averted 10% (95% CI 1–24%) of WPV1 infections. As we approach global polio eradication, environmental monitoring with qPCR can be used as a highly sensitive method to enhance disease surveillance. Our analytic approach brings public health relevance to environmental data that, if systematically collected, can guide eradication efforts.

scholarly journals Influence of production change on return to scale

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 159-168
Author(s):  
F. Střeleček ◽  
R. Zdeněk ◽  
J. Lososová
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Positive Development ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Real Increase ◽  
Revenue Function ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Input Prices ◽  
Production Change

The paper deals with an assessment of cost efficiency of farms in 2006–2009 based on a sample of farms classified according to the cost/revenue ratio. The analysis of the sample of 101 farms revealed that the return to scale effect is not significant compared to other effects so that the real increase of the production volume may not determine the dynamic of the profit. The massive shift of farms with increasing cost efficiency to the category of the decreased cost efficiency reflects a significant influence of external conditions to the profit/loss of farms. A positive development of prices in 2007 has influenced an increased cost efficiency of the majority of sample farms. In 2008, the increased prices of agricultural inputs intensively influenced the development of the revenue function. The increase of variable costs influenced by increased input prices has wasted reserves resulted from the production use of fixed costs and the return to scale and caused a significant decrease of profit.

scholarly journals Not a Cheap Investment: Estimating the Cost of the 2017 to 2018 Ophthalmology Residency Match to the Applicant and Program

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. e158-e162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Moore
Keyword(s):  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Residency Position ◽  
University Of Kentucky ◽  
Lost Productivity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Program Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The University ◽  
Residency Match

Purpose To estimate the cost of the match process for all ophthalmology applicants and the departmental costs at the University of Kentucky during the 2017 to 2018 match cycle. Design Financial analysis. Methods Using the available national match statistics for the 2017 to 2018 ophthalmology residency match and the mean of all residency interview costs available in the literature, the estimated mean and total match costs were calculated for all applicants, including application fees and interviews. Program costs were estimated based on direct interview costs, lost productivity, and fixed costs. Results Of 625 applicants, 475 matched into an ophthalmology residency position in 2017 to 2018. The mean estimated cost was US$6,613 for matched applicants, and all applicants spent US$4,646,950 on the match in aggregate. Our department spent an estimated US$179,327 over four interview days with 12 faculty volunteers, or an average of US$3,736 per each of 48 interviewed applicants. Conclusions and Relevance Matching into an ophthalmology residency position is expensive not only for the applicant but also the program. Reforms to the process would likely be beneficial to both parties.

scholarly journals Implementation science in nutrition: a summary and synthesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. s1-s6
Author(s):  
Haribondhu Sarma
Keyword(s):  
Implementation Science ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Implementation Fidelity ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Science Framework ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Home Fortification

AbstractObjective:This paper aimed to summarise and critically synthesise the key findings of the articles included in the supplement entitled ‘Nutrition Implementation Science: The Experience of a Large-Scale Home Fortification in Bangladesh’.Design:Commentary, summary and synthesis.Settings:Low- and middle-income country.Results:The supplement included six articles, including this summary paper. The second article presented an implementation science framework that facilitated conceptualising and evaluating the home-fortification programme in Bangladesh implemented by the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC). The framework encompasses five components: identifying an ‘effective’ intervention; scaling-up and implementation fidelity; course corrections during implementation and assessing the implementation’s effectiveness; promoting sustainability of interventions and consideration of a concurrent evaluation to identify ‘effective’ interventions and to assess the process and outcome indicators of implementation. The other four articles in this supplement addressed the different components of the framework. For example, the third article addressed the implementation fidelity of a home-fortification programme, and the fourth article described the use of concurrent evaluation to course correct the implementation plan that resulted in improved implementation fidelity. The fifth article explained the outcome of course correction in the programme coverage, and the sixth article described the cost-effectiveness of the BRAC home-fortification programme.Conclusions:Overall, the supplement provides a comprehensive understanding of nutrition implementation science, which is very new in the field. The lessons learned in this supplement may enhance the capacity of researchers, policymakers and key stakeholders in the nutrition field to scale up new nutrition interventions and sustain them until malnutrition is alleviated.

A generalized fuzzy cost efficiency model

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 1775-1791
Author(s):  
Nazila Aghayi ◽  
Samira Salehpour
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Fuzzy Environment ◽  
Decision Making Unit ◽  
Production Possibility Set ◽  
Fuzzy Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Generalized Cost

The concept of cost efficiency has become tremendously popular in data envelopment analysis (DEA) as it serves to assess a decision-making unit (DMU) in terms of producing minimum-cost outputs. A large variety of precise and imprecise models have been put forward to measure cost efficiency for the DMUs which have a role in constructing the production possibility set; yet, there’s not an extensive literature on the cost efficiency (CE) measurement for sample DMUs (SDMUs). In an effort to remedy the shortcomings of current models, herein is introduced a generalized cost efficiency model that is capable of operating in a fuzzy environment-involving different types of fuzzy numbers-while preserving the Farrell’s decomposition of cost efficiency. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, the present paper is the first to measure cost efficiency by using vectors. Ultimately, a useful example is provided to confirm the applicability of the proposed methods.

ANALISIS PENGARUH BIAYA OPERASIONAL PADA PERUSAHAAN PENERBANGAN NASIONAL

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-107
Author(s):  
Dheny Biantara
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Cost Leadership ◽  
Oil Pricing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Operation Flexibility ◽  
Airline Maintenance

Summarized Indonesian airline executive views on the reason for the cost problem in mayor airline andon the potential areas and measures of cost reduction in airline operation. Present an introductionsurvey where 3 executives from 3 Indonesian airlines were respondent. In the executive opinion the costproblem in mayor Indonesian airline is primarily due to fuel and oil pricing and money currency. Of thevarious function in airline maintenance was seen as least cost efficiency, whereas flight operation wasseen as an area with most potential for cost reduction. Indonesian airline had made route and fleetchanges after the beginning of 2011 to reduce cost, concludes from the analisys result havingprivatization would be an important step towards more efficient airline operation. Flexibility fromIndonesian airline regulatory would be very much welcome and the value chain concept to improveIndonesian airline having competitive adventage and cost leadership differentiation.

A seven year plan for upgrading the 200.000 p.e. treatment plant of Uppsala, Sweden

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 117-127
Author(s):  
Jan Erik Lind ◽  
Ernst Olof Swedling
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Regional Environment ◽  
Nitrogen Reduction ◽  
Total Investment ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
The Cost

The sewage treatment plant of Uppsala was originally built in 1946 and has since then been extended and upgraded several times up to 1972 when the last major upgrading was completed. In 1987 it was decided to renew the treatment plant for at least another 20-30 years of operation and to upgrade the biological process to include nitrogen reduction. A 7 year plan covering some 18 items with a total investment cost of approximately 120 MSEK was set in action during 1987. The aim was to raise the cost efficiency by introducing modern techniques, new machinery, a better working environment and a better understanding of the processes used. The need to keep the plant in operation during reconstruction work has caused difficulties, delays and unforseen costs but a close cooperation between all parties concerned (operators, contractors, engineers and the regional environment administration) has solved most of the problems. Experiences so far include an improved effluent quality, a better cost efficiency, a healthier and more engaged operating staff. A research team has been engaged to develop and introduce a nitrogen reduction scheme in the activated sludge process. This has been a challenging and fruitful experience.

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