scholarly journals Distributed neural replay of decision confidence mediates informational conformity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Mahmoodi ◽  
Hamed Nili ◽  
Carsten Mehring ◽  
Bahador Bahrami
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Decision Confidence ◽  
Computational Implementation ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Social Use ◽  
Perceptual Estimation

AbstractWe occasionally receive conflicting views from others. To maximize accuracy, we should exercise informational conformity by changing our mind proportional to our confidence about our initial view. This account predicts that neural correlates of confidence in the private decision should be replayed as the private and social information are integrated. In a perceptual estimation task (N=120), influence from others was proportional to private confidence. Human fMRI (N=20) showed that consistent with the replay hypothesis, confidence covaried with temporally distributed activity during private estimate (Precuneus and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, dACC), social change of mind (dACC) and social outcome (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dACC). During social change of mind and only when paired with alleged human (but not with computer) partners, left temproparietal junction carried information about participants’ social use of confidence. Our study reveals the neuronal substrates of the role of confidence in computational implementation of informational conformity.

scholarly journals Dissociable roles of cortical excitation-inhibition balance during patch-leaving versus value-guided decisions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca F. Kaiser ◽  
Theo O. J. Gruendler ◽  
Oliver Speck ◽  
Lennart Luettgau ◽  
Gerhard Jocham
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Mutual Inhibition ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Cortical Excitation ◽  
The Cost

AbstractIn a dynamic world, it is essential to decide when to leave an exploited resource. Such patch-leaving decisions involve balancing the cost of moving against the gain expected from the alternative patch. This contrasts with value-guided decisions that typically involve maximizing reward by selecting the current best option. Patterns of neuronal activity pertaining to patch-leaving decisions have been reported in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), whereas competition via mutual inhibition in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is thought to underlie value-guided choice. Here, we show that the balance between cortical excitation and inhibition (E/I balance), measured by the ratio of GABA and glutamate concentrations, plays a dissociable role for the two kinds of decisions. Patch-leaving decision behaviour relates to E/I balance in dACC. In contrast, value-guided decision-making relates to E/I balance in vmPFC. These results support mechanistic accounts of value-guided choice and provide evidence for a role of dACC E/I balance in patch-leaving decisions.

scholarly journals Intelligence moderates reinforcement learning: a mini-review of the neural evidence

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (10) ◽  
pp. 3459-3461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Neural Signal ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

Our understanding of the neural basis of reinforcement learning and intelligence, two key factors contributing to human strivings, has progressed significantly recently. However, the overlap of these two lines of research, namely, how intelligence affects neural responses during reinforcement learning, remains uninvestigated. A mini-review of three existing studies suggests that higher IQ (especially fluid IQ) may enhance the neural signal of positive prediction error in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and striatum, several brain substrates of reinforcement learning or intelligence.

scholarly journals Neural Basis of Ambivalence towards Ideal Self-Image in Schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 452-459
Author(s):  
Byung-Hoon Kim ◽  
Yu-Bin Shin ◽  
Sunghyon Kyeong ◽  
Seon-Koo Lee ◽  
Jae-Jin Kim
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Cognitive Conflict ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Conflict Monitoring ◽  
Ideal Self ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

Objective Little has been explored about a reflection towards self-image in schizophrenia, though it can be related to heterogeneous symptoms of the illness. We identified the neural basis of ambivalence towards ideal self-image in patients with schizophrenia.Methods 20 patients with schizophrenia and 20 healthy controls underwent functional MRI while the self-image reflection tasks of determining whether to agree with sentences describing their actual or ideal self-image that contained one of the adjective pairs with opposite valence. The interaction between the group and ideal ambivalence score was examined, and group differences in functional connectivity related to ambivalence towards ideal self-image were further studied.Results The interaction of group-by-ideal ambivalence score was shown in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, where activities were positively correlated with the level of ideal self-image ambivalence in patients, but not in controls. Task-related decrease in functional connectivity was shown between the orbitofrontal cortex and cerebellum in patients.Conclusion The process of reflecting on ambivalent ideal self-image in schizophrenia may be related to aberrant prefrontal activity and connectivity. Abnormality in the prefrontal regions that take part in cognitive conflict monitoring and value judgment may underlie the pathophysiology of increased ambivalence towards ideal self-image.

scholarly journals An action-value model explains the role of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in performance monitoring during affect regulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith A. Bush ◽  
G. Andrew James ◽  
Anthony A. Privratsky ◽  
Kevin P. Fialkowski ◽  
Clinton D. Kilts
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Action Value ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
Affect Processing

AbstractIn this study, we merged methods from engineering control theory, machine learning, and human neuroimaging to critically test the putative role of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in performance monitoring during an emotion regulation task. Healthy adult participants (n=75) underwent cued-recall of affective image stimuli with concurrent functional magnetic resonance imaging and psychophysiological response recording. During cued-recall, participants engaged in explicit self-regulation of their affective state toward defined affective goals. Established decoding methods measured affect processing from fMRI BOLD signals across the orthogonal affective dimensions of valence and arousal. We independently validated participants’ affective state representations via stimulus-dependent facial electromyography (valence) and electrodermal activity (arousal) responses. We then used the decoded affective signatures to test and compare four computational models of performance monitoring (i.e., error, predicted response outcome, action-value, and conflict) by their relative abilities to explain task-related dACC activation. We found that the dACC most plausibly encodes action-value for both valence and arousal processing. We confirmed that the dACC directly encodes affective arousal and also likely encodes recruitment of attention and regulation resources. Beyond its contribution to parsing the roles of the dACC in emotion regulation, this study introduced a novel analytical framework through which affect processing and regulation may be functionally dissociated, thereby permitting mechanistic analysis of real-world emotion regulation strategies, e.g., distraction and reappraisal, which are widely employed in cognitive behavioral therapy to address clinical deficits in emotion regulation.

scholarly journals The Role of Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Regulation of Craving by Reappraisal in Smokers

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. e43598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Yan Zhao ◽  
Jie Tian ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Wei Qin ◽  
Jie Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex

FC12-01 - Neural processing of social rejection: The role of schizotypal personality trait

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1876-1876
Author(s):  
P. Premkumar ◽  
U. Ettinger ◽  
S. Inchley-Mort ◽  
A. Sumich ◽  
S.C. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Rejection ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Schizotypal Personality ◽  
Lingual Gyrus ◽  
Normal Sensitivity ◽  
First Time ◽  
Ventral Prefrontal Cortex

A fear of being rejected can cause perceptions of more insecurity and stress in close relationships. Healthy individuals activate the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) when experiencing social rejection, while those who are vulnerable to depression deactivate the dACC presumably in order to down-regulate salience of rejection cues and minimize distress. Schizotypal individuals, characterised by unusual perceptual experiences and/or odd beliefs, are more rejection sensitive than normal. We tested the hypothesis, for the first time, that individuals with high schizotypy also have an altered dACC response to rejection stimuli. Twenty-six healthy individuals, 14 with low schizotypy (LS) and 12 with high schizotypy (HS), viewed depictions of rejection and acceptance and neutral scenes while undergoing functional MRI. Activation maps in LS and HS groups during each image type were compared using SPM5 and their relation to participant mood and subjective ratings of the images was examined. During rejection relative to neutral scenes, LS activated and HS deactivated the bilateral dACC, right superior frontal gyrus and left ventral prefrontal cortex. Across both groups, a temporo-occipito-parieto-cerebellar network was active during rejection, and a left fronto-parietal network during acceptance, relative to neutral scenes, and the bilateral lingual gyrus during rejection relative to acceptance scenes. Our finding of dACC-dorso-ventral PFC activation in LS, but deactivation in HS individuals when perceiving social rejection scenes suggests that HS individuals attach less salience to and distance themselves from such stimuli. This may enable them to cope with their higher-than-normal sensitivity to rejection.

scholarly journals Role of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder: converging evidence from cognitive neuroscience and psychiatric neurosurgery

2017 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. McGovern ◽  
Sameer A. Sheth
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

OBJECTIVE Advances in understanding the neurobiological basis of psychiatric disorders will improve the ability to refine neuromodulatory procedures for treatment-refractory patients. One of the core dysfunctions in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a deficit in cognitive control, especially involving the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). The authors' aim was to derive a neurobiological understanding of the successful treatment of refractory OCD with psychiatric neurosurgical procedures targeting the dACC. METHODS First, the authors systematically conducted a review of the literature on the role of the dACC in OCD by using the search terms “obsessive compulsive disorder” and “anterior cingulate.” The neuroscience literature on cognitive control mechanisms in the dACC was then combined with the literature on psychiatric neurosurgical procedures targeting the dACC for the treatment of refractory OCD. RESULTS The authors reviewed 89 studies covering topics that included structural and functional neuroimaging and electrophysiology. The majority of resting-state functional neuroimaging studies demonstrated dACC hyperactivity in patients with OCD relative to that in controls, while task-based studies were more variable. Electrophysiological studies showed altered dACC-related biomarkers of cognitive control, such as error-related negativity in OCD patients. These studies were combined with the cognitive control neurophysiology literature, including the recently elaborated expected value of control theory of dACC function. The authors suggest that a central feature of OCD pathophysiology involves the generation of mis-specified cognitive control signals by the dACC, and they elaborate on this theory and provide suggestions for further study. CONCLUSIONS Although abnormalities in brain structure and function in OCD are distributed across a wide network, the dACC plays a central role. The authors propose a theory of cognitive control dysfunction in OCD that attempts to explain the therapeutic efficacy of dACC neuromodulation. This theoretical framework should help to guide further research into targeted treatments of OCD and other disorders of cognitive control.

scholarly journals Low competitive status elicits aggression: behavioral and neural evidence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Macià Buades-Rotger ◽  
Martin Göttlich ◽  
Ronja Weiblen ◽  
Pauline Petereit ◽  
Thomas Scheidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Overwhelming Evidence ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Status Differentiation ◽  
Status Position

AbstractWinners are commonly assumed to compete more aggressively than losers. Here, we find overwhelming evidence for the opposite. We first demonstrate that low-ranking teams commit more fouls than they receive in top-tier soccer, ice hockey, and basketball leagues. We replicate this effect in the laboratory, showing that participants deliver louder sound blasts to a rival when placed in a low-status position. Using neuroimaging, we characterize brain activity patterns that encode competitive status as well as those that facilitate status-dependent aggression. These analyses reveal three key findings. First, anterior hippocampus and striatum contain multivariate representations of competitive status. Second, interindividual differences in status-dependent aggression are linked with a sharper status differentiation in the striatum and with greater reactivity to status-enhancing victories in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Third, activity in ventromedial, ventrolateral, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is associated with trial-wise increases in status-dependent aggressive behavior. Taken together, our results run counter to narratives glorifying aggression in competitive situations. Rather, we show that those in the lower ranks of skill-based hierarchies are more likely to behave aggressively and identify the potential neural basis of this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Dopaminergic modulation of the exploration/exploitation trade-off in human decision-making

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karima Chakroun ◽  
David Mathar ◽  
Antonius Wiehler ◽  
Florian Ganzer ◽  
Jan Peters
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Bayesian Learning ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
D2 Receptor ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Exploration Exploitation

SummaryA central issue in reinforcement learning and decision-making is whether to exploit knowledge of reward values, or to explore novel options. Although it is widely hypothesized that dopamine neurotransmission plays a key role in regulating this balance, causal evidence for a role of dopamine in human exploration is still lacking. Here, we use a combination of computational modeling, pharmacological intervention and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test for a causal effect of dopamine transmission on the exploration-exploitation trade-off in humans. 31 healthy male subjects performed a restless four-armed bandit task in a within-subjects design under three drug conditions: 150mg of the dopamine precursor L-dopa, 2mg of the D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol, and placebo. In all conditions, choice behavior was best explained by an extension of an established Bayesian learning model accounting for perseveration, uncertainty-based exploration and random exploration. Uncertainty-based exploration was attenuated under L-dopa compared to placebo and haloperidol. There was no evidence for a modulation of prediction error signaling or categorical effects of exploration/exploitation under L-dopa, whereas model-based fMRI revealed that L-dopa attenuated neural representations of overall uncertainty in insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Our results highlight the computational role of these regions in exploration and suggest that dopamine modulates exploration by modulating how this circuit tracks accumulating uncertainty during decision-making.

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