scholarly journals Genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection in Fasciola gigantica isolates of Pakistani livestock

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zia Ur Rehman ◽  
Osama Zahid ◽  
Imran Rashid ◽  
Qasim Ali ◽  
Muhammad Haroon Akbar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Fasciola Gigantica ◽  
Trematode Species ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Liver Flukes ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

AbstractFasciola gigantica liver flukes are responsible for over 3 billion US dollars of production loss annually in farmed livestock and cause widespread zoonotic disease. Nevertheless, the understating of the emergence and spread of the trematode species is poor. The multiplicity of F. gigantica infection and its spread is potentially influenced by multiple factors, including the abundance of suitable intermediate hosts, climatic conditions favoring the completion of the parasite’s lifecycle, and translocation of infected animals or free-living parasite stages between regions. Here we describe the development of a ‘tremabiome’ metabarcoding sequencing method to explore the numbers of F. gigantica genotypes per infection and patterns of parasite spread, based on genetic characteristics of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase 1 (mt-ND-1) locus. We collected F. gigantica from three abattoirs in the Punjab and Balochistan provinces of Pakistan, and our results show a high level of genetic diversity in 20 F. gigantica populations derived from small and large ruminants consigned to slaughter in both provinces. This implies that F. gigantica can reproduce in its definitive hosts through meiosis involving cross- and self-breeding, as described in the closely related species, Fasciola hepatica. The genetic diversity between the 20 populations derived from different locations also illustrates the impact of animal movements on gene flow. Our results demonstrate the predominance of single haplotypes, consistent with a single introduction of F. gigantica infection in 85% of the hosts from which the parasite populations were derived. This is consistent with clonal reproduction in the intermediate snail hosts.

scholarly journals Adenomatous Cholecystitis in Cattle with Chronic Fascioliasis

1974 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 407-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Cheema
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fluke ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Fasciola Gigantica ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Fibrous Stroma ◽  
Submucosal Glands ◽  
Glandular Structures ◽  
Mitotic Figures ◽  
Liver Flukes

Gall bladders from 80 mature cattle infested with liver flukes were shrunken; their walls were thickened; and mucosa was raised into rugose folds, nodules and papillary projections. All contained thick bile and mature liver flukes, predominantly Fasciola gigantica and to a lesser extent Fasciola hepatica. There was an adenomatous proliferation of the lining epithelium as well as of submucosal glands forming numerous tubuloalveolar structures and cysts lined with a uniform layer of columnar epithelium. Fibrous stroma was more than normal, and there was a mild to heavy infiltration by inflammatory cells. Some bladders had many enterochromaffin cells in the epithelium lining the glandular structures. Mitotic figures were rare, and there was no evidence of malignancy. The condition is inflammatory and hyperplastic and is believed to be common in cattle infested with liver fluke. The clinical effects of this condition have not been studied.

scholarly journals Differences in the compatibility of infection between the liver flukes Fascioloides magna and Fasciola hepatica in a Colombian population of the snail Galba sp.

2014 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 720-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Dreyfuss ◽  
A.C. Correa ◽  
F.F. Djuikwo-Teukeng ◽  
A. Novobilský ◽  
J. Höglund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Galba Truncatula ◽  
Fascioloides Magna ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
Liver Flukes

AbstractExperimental infections of Galba sp. (origin, Colombia) with allopatric isolates of Fasciola hepatica from France or Fascioloides magna from the Czech Republic were carried out during five successive snail generations to determine if this lymnaeid might sustain complete larval development of either parasite. In snails exposed to F. hepatica, 7 of 400 snails harboured several rediae and only two snails contained a small number of free cercariae on day 50 post-exposure. In contrast, the intensity of F. magna infection in Galba sp. progressively increased from the F1 to F5 generations. Spontaneous cercarial shedding of F. magna occurred in 7 of 100 Galba sp. belonging to the F5 generation and the number of shed cercariae did not differ significantly from that noted in control Galba truncatula of French origin. Galba sp. from Colombia can be added to the list of potential intermediate hosts for F. magna.

Genetic diversity of liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica) from Eastern Europe

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Teofanova ◽  
V. Kantzoura ◽  
S. Walker ◽  
G. Radoslavov ◽  
P. Hristov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Liver Flukes

The distribution ofFasciola hepaticaandFasciola giganticawithin southern Tanzania – constraints associated with the intermediate host

Parasitology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. WALKER ◽  
A. E. MAKUNDI ◽  
F. V. NAMUBA ◽  
A. A. KASSUKU ◽  
J. KEYYU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Fasciola Gigantica ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
Lymnaea Truncatula

SUMMARYIn East Africa,Fasciola giganticais generally the causative agent of fasciolosis but there have been reports ofF. hepaticain cattle from highland regions of Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda and Zaire. The topography of the Southern Highlands of Tanzania provides an environment where the climatic conditions exist for the sustenance of lymnaeid species capable of supporting bothFasciola hepaticaandF. gigantica. Theoretically this would allow interaction between fasciolid species and the possible creation of hybrids. In this report we present molecular data confirming the existence of the snail,Lymnaea truncatula, at high altitude on the Kitulo Plateau of the Southern Highlands, Tanzania, along with morphometric and molecular data confirming the presence ofF. hepaticain the corresponding area. At lower altitudes, where climatic conditions were unfavourable for the existence ofL. truncatula, the presence of its sister speciesL. natalensiswas confirmed by molecular data along with its preferred fasciolid parasite,F. gigantica. Analysis based on a 618 bp sequence of the 28S rRNA gene did not reveal the presence of hybrid fasciolids in our fluke samples.

scholarly journals Effects of Colonization Processes on Genetic Diversity: Differences Between Annual Plants and Tree Species

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 154 (3) ◽  
pp. 1309-1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Austerlitz ◽  
Stéphanie Mariette ◽  
Nathalie Machon ◽  
Pierre-Henri Gouyon ◽  
Bernard Godelle
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Pollen Flow ◽  
Nuclear Genes ◽  
Annual Plants ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Tree species are striking for their high within-population diversity and low among-population differentiation for nuclear genes. In contrast, annual plants show much more differentiation for nuclear genes but much less diversity than trees. The usual explanation for this difference is that pollen flow, and therefore gene flow, is much higher for trees. This explanation is problematic because it relies on equilibrium hypotheses. Because trees have very recently recolonized temperate areas, they have experienced many foundation events, which usually reduce within-population diversity and increase differentiation. Only extremely high levels of gene flow could counterbalance these successive founder effects. We develop a model to study the impact of life cycle of forest trees, in particular of the length of their juvenile phase, on genetic diversity and differentiation during the glacial period and the following colonization period. We show that both a reasonably high level of pollen flow and the life-cycle characteristics of trees are needed to explain the observed structure of genetic diversity. We also show that gene flow and life cycle both have an impact on maternally inherited cytoplasmic genes, which are characterized both in trees and annual species by much less diversity and much more differentiation than nuclear genes.

scholarly journals A global barley panel revealing genomic signatures of breeding in modern cultivars

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Beate Hill ◽  
Tefera Tolera Angessa ◽  
Xiao-Qi Zhang ◽  
Kefei Chen ◽  
Gaofeng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe future of plant cultivar improvement lies in the evaluation of genetic resources from currently available germplasm. Recent efforts in plant breeding have been aimed at developing new and improved varieties from poorly adapted crops to suit local environments. However, the impact of these breeding efforts is poorly understood. Here, we assess the contributions of both historical and recent breeding efforts to local adaptation and crop improvement in a global barley panel by analysing the distribution of genetic variants with respect to geographic region or historical breeding category. By tracing the impact breeding had on the genetic diversity of barley released in Australia, where the history of barley production is relatively young, we identify 69 candidate regions within 922 genes that were under selection pressure. We also show that modern Australian barley varieties exhibit 12% higher genetic diversity than historical cultivars. Finally, field-trialling and phenotyping for agriculturally relevant traits across a diverse range of Australian environments suggests that genomic regions under strong breeding selection and their candidate genes are closely associated with key agronomic traits. In conclusion, our combined dataset and germplasm collection provide a rich source of genetic diversity that can be applied to understanding and improving environmental adaptation and enhanced yields.Author summaryToday’s gene pool of crop genetic diversity has been shaped during domestication and more recently by breeding. Genetic diversity is vital for crop species to be able to adapt to changing environments. There is concern that recent breeding efforts have eroded the genetic diversity of many domesticated crops including barley. The present study assembled a global panel of barley genotypes with a focus on historical and modern Australian varieties.Genome-wide data was used to detect genes that are thought to have been under selection during crop breeding in Australian barley. The results demonstrate that despite being more extensively bred, modern Australian barley varieties exhibit higher genetic diversity than historical cultivars, countering the common perception that intensive breeding leads to genetic erosion of adaptive diversity in modern cultivars. In addition, some loci (particularly those related to phenology) were subject to selection during the introduction of other barley varieties to Australia – these genes might continue to be important targets in breeding efforts in the face of changing climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Fascioliasis

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Kittiyod Poovorawan
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Plants ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Fasciola Gigantica ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Drug Of Choice ◽  
Liver Flukes ◽  
Fasciola Spp ◽  
The Right

Fascioliasis is infection by liver flukes, Fasciola spp. The two species that infect humans are Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. Other herbivorous animals such as cattle, goats, water buffalo, horses, camels, hogs, rabbits, and deer can be infected with Fasciola spp. Humans acquire Fasciola after ingestion of food and water that are contaminated with Fasciola metacercaria, especially aquatic plants. Fascioliasis is usually mild disease in human. Clinical manifestrations are related with the the phases of infection. In migratory phase, symptoms may occur when metacercariae excyst in the duodenum and young liver flukes migrate through the intestinal wall to the liver capsule and hepatic parenchyma before reaching the bile ducts. Clinical symptoms include abdominal pain in the right hypochondrium, dyspepsia and anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and hepatomegaly. Systemic manifestration such as urticaria and eosinophilia are also common presentation. After Fasciola reside in the biliary tract, most of cases are asymptomatic. Biliary track obstruction can accidentally occur and might lead to cholangitis. Triclabendazole 10 mg/kg as a single dose is the current drug of choice for fascioliasis treatment and triclabendazole two doses of 10 mg/kg for 1 day is effective in severe or persistent infections, with cure rates of 79% and 92%, respectively. Currently, there is no vaccine for prevent Fasciola infection. Proper cooking or cleaning food especially aquatic plants before consumption will prevent accidental Fasciola infection. Adequate mass treatment among infected animals in endemic areas and proper sanitary in the livestock farm are important for disease control.   Figure 1  ภาพถ่ายตัวเต็มวัยพยาธิ Fasciola hepatica (Linnaeus, 1758) (A) และ Fasciola gigantica (Cobbold, 1855) (B)(ได้รับการอนุเคราะห์ภาพจาก รศ.ดร.อุรุษา แทนขำ ภาควิชาปรสิตหนอนพยาธิ คณะเวชศาสตร์เขตร้อน มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล)                 

scholarly journals PATHOGENICITY AND VIRULENCE OF THE LIVER FLUKES FASCIOLA HEPATICA AND FASCIOLA GIGANTICA THAT CAUSE THE ZOONOSIS FASCIOLOSIS

Virulence ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Lalor ◽  
Krystyna Cwiklinski ◽  
Nichola Eliza Davies Calvani ◽  
Amber Dorey ◽  
Siobhán Hamon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Fasciola Gigantica ◽  
Liver Flukes

scholarly journals Understanding Genetic Diversity of the Liver Fluke Fasciola hepatica

2005 ◽  
Vol 60 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 774-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mine Dosay-Akbulut ◽  
Alan Trudgett ◽  
Michael Stanhope
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Liver Fluke ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Its1 Region ◽  
Mitochondrial Nd1 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Economical breeding is important to obtain maximum gain from the breeding in the animal sector. The economic loss has to be eliminated or should be minimized. The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, present mostly in sheep and dairy cattle affect the yield of animals and even cause their death. To eliminate or minimize the impact of these parasites on the animals, it is important to understand the genetic diversity of the liver fluke populations and the relationship between parasite and host at regional bases. This research was carried out to determine diversity by sequence analysis of the mitochondrial ND1 gene and ribosomal ITS1 region.

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