scholarly journals Memory for individual items is related to nonreinforced preference change

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 348-360
Author(s):  
Rotem Botvinik-Nezer ◽  
Akram Bakkour ◽  
Tom Salomon ◽  
Daphna Shohamy ◽  
Tom Schonberg
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Associative Memories ◽  
Preference Change ◽  
Individual Item ◽  
Approach Training ◽  
Item Level ◽  
The Individual

It is commonly assumed that memories contribute to value-based decisions. Nevertheless, most theories of value-based decision-making do not account for memory influences on choice. Recently, new interest has emerged in the interactions between these two fundamental processes, mainly using reinforcement-based paradigms. Here, we aimed to study the role memory processes play in preference change following the nonreinforced cue-approach training (CAT) paradigm. In CAT, the mere association of cued items with a speeded motor response influences choices. Previous studies with this paradigm showed that a single training session induces a long-lasting effect of enhanced preferences for high-value trained stimuli, that is maintained for several months. We hypothesized that CAT increases memory of trained items, leading to enhanced accessibility of their positive associative memories and in turn to preference changes. In two preregistered experiments, we found evidence that memory is enhanced for trained items and that better memory is correlated with enhanced preferences at the individual item level, both immediately and 1 mo following CAT. Our findings suggest that memory plays a central role in value-based decision-making following CAT, even in the absence of external reinforcements. These findings contribute to new theories relating memory and value-based decision-making and set the groundwork for the implementation of novel nonreinforced behavioral interventions that lead to long-lasting behavioral change.

scholarly journals Memory for Individual Items is Related to Non-Reinforced Preference Change

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rotem Botvinik-Nezer ◽  
Akram Bakkour ◽  
Tom Salomon ◽  
Daphna Shohamy ◽  
Tom Schonberg
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Preference Change ◽  
Approach Training ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Time

AbstractIt is commonly assumed that memories contribute to value-based decisions. Surprisingly, most theories of value-based decision-making do not account for memory influences on choice. Recently, new interest has emerged in the interactions between these two fundamental processes, mainly using reinforcement-based paradigms. Here, we aimed to study the role memory processes play in non-reinforced preference change. We used the cue-approach training (CAT) paradigm, that is specifically designed to influence choices without external reinforcements. Instead, the paradigm uses the mere association of cued items with a speeded motor response. Previous studies with this task showed that a single training session induces a long-lasting effect of enhanced preferences for high-value trained stimuli, that is maintained for several months. We hypothesized that CAT influences memory accessibility for trained items, leading to enhanced accessibility of their positive associative memories and in turn to preference changes. In two pre-registered experiments, we tested whether memory for trained items was enhanced following CAT, in the short- and long-term, and whether memory modifications are related to choices. We found that memory was enhanced for trained items and that better memory was correlated with enhanced preferences at the individual item level, both immediately and one month following CAT. Our findings show, for the first time, that memory plays a central role in value-based decision-making, even in the absence of external reinforcements. These findings contribute to new theories relating memory and value-based decision-making and set the ground for the implementation of novel behavioral interventions for long-lasting behavioral change.

scholarly journals Pediatric Hospital School Programming: An Examination of Educational Services for Students who are Hospitalized

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Marie Steinke ◽  
Megan Elam ◽  
Mary Kay Irwin ◽  
Karen Sexton ◽  
Anne McGraw
Keyword(s):  
Professional Practice ◽  
Individual Item ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
School Programs ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Thematic Review ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Qualitative Responses ◽  
Hospital School ◽  
School Programming

This study aimed to define the current functions and operations of hospital school programs nationwide. A 56-item survey was disseminated to hospital teachers across the country to examine perceptions about their work, programs, and professional practice. Quantitative findings were analyzed using descriptive statistics at the individual item-level. Qualitative responses were categorized for thematic review and analyzed using an inductive approach. The final sample included 88 completed surveys. Findings were classified into three broad categories: hospital school programming, hospital school teachers, and hospital school instruction. Results revealed that great variability exists across hospitals. Differences were evident in how programs were staffed, funded, and how services are allocated to patients during hospitalizations. Findings will contribute to the establishment of best practices for hospital school programs.

scholarly journals Tools for public health policy: nudges and boosts as active support of the law in special situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub M. Krawiec ◽  
Olga M. Piaskowska ◽  
Piotr F. Piesiewicz ◽  
Wojciech Białaszek
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Contrary View ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Individual

AbstractIn recent years, “nudging” has become a standard behavioral intervention at the individual level and for the design of social policies. Although nudges are effective, such interventions seem to be limited to a given space and time, and there is only scant evidence to support the contrary view. On the other hand, choice architects may utilize another type of intervention called “boosting,” which shows the promise of generalized and lasting behavioral change. A government can use these tools to shape public policy. Behavioral interventions such as policy-making tools have their boundaries, as does the law. We argue that nudging and boosting may serve as active local or global aids in support of the legal system under certain circumstances. Nudging and boosting can also support the legal system, especially in relation to emerging social issues or events that are unprecedented, such as the recent global COVID-19 pandemic, where certain behavioral patterns are expected, but it would be difficult or impossible to enforce them through the law alone.

DECISION-MAKING ON INVESTMENT OF IT-INNOVATION BASED ON FUZZY EXPERT INFORMATION

2018 ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
Olga Olegovna Eremenko ◽  
Lyubov Borisovna Aminul ◽  
Elena Vitalievna Chertina
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Production Model ◽  
Investment Management ◽  
It Projects ◽  
Product Model ◽  
Project Cost ◽  
Reasoning System ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
The Individual

The subject of the research is the process of making managerial decisions for innovative IT projects investing. The paper focuses on the new approach to decision making on investing innovative IT projects using expert survey in a fuzzy reasoning system. As input information, expert estimates of projects have been aggregated into six indicators having a linguistic description of the individual characteristics of the project type "high", "medium", and "low". The task of decision making investing has been formalized and the term-set of the output variable Des has been defined: to invest 50-75% of the project cost; to invest 20-50% of the project cost; to invest 10-20% of the project cost; to send the project for revision; to turn down investing project. The fuzzy product model of making investment management decisions has been developed; it adequately describes the process of investment management. The expediency of using constructed production model on a practical example is shown.

The transformation of the decision-making process on the part of economic agents influenced by social constraints

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1202-1222
Author(s):  
M.V. Grechko ◽  
L.A. Kobina ◽  
S.A. Goncharenko
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Economic Knowledge ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Contextual Environment ◽  
Economic Constraints ◽  
External Signals

Subject. The article focuses on the decision-making mechanism used by economic agents given the existing social constraints. Objectives. We devise applied toolkit to study how socio-economic constraints transform the decision-making mechanism used by economic agents. Methods. The study involves means of the expert survey, the method that streamlines economic knowledge. Results. Social constraints are illustrated to influence the decision-making mechanism used by economic agents, assuming that the individual mind relies on specific mechanisms to make judgments and decisions. Generally, the mechanisms are very useful, however they may generate serious errors during the decision-making process. Given the social constraints, economic agents were found to follow four mental models to make their decisions in case of the full or partial uncertainty, i.e. the representative relevance, accessibility, relations, heuristics (modeling). Conclusions and Relevance. The scientific ideas herein show that the inner architecture of a choice an individual makes determines his or her decisions. The decisions often depend on the contextual environment that gives external signals perceived by the individual while evaluating alternative ways. The findings can possibly be used as a mechanism to manage the consumer choice.

The Relation of Language Context and Religiosity to Trilemma Judgments

2021 ◽  
pp. 002202212110339
Author(s):  
Elyas Barabadi ◽  
Mohsen Rahmani Tabar ◽  
James R. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Second Language ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Standard Measure ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Language Context

Utilitarian judgments maximize benefit for the most people, whereas deontological judgments are based on moral norms. Previous work shows that people tend to make more utilitarian judgments in their second compared to their native language, whereas higher religiosity is associated with more deontological judgments. However, it is not known whether the effect of language context is moderated by the religiosity of the individual. We hypothesized that more religious participants from all three languages would favor deontological choices irrespective of language context. In order to investigate this, we studied native speakers of Persian who either had Arabic or English as their second language, and all participants were given a standard measure of religiosity. Decision making was measured by the classic trolley trilemma in which a participant could “push” a person to save the lives of more people which is considered a utilitarian judgment. Alternatively, they could “switch” a track to save the lives of more people (“indirect”), or do nothing (“inaction”), both of which are considered deontological. Consistent with the literature showing more utilitarian judgments in the second language, English participants preferred the push option, whereas Persian participants favored the inaction option. L2 Arabic participants more often chose the indirect option. However, participants’ religiosity moderated this effect of language context. Although L2 Arabic participants’ choices were not influenced by religiosity, higher religiosity in the L2 English and L1 Persian groups was associated with more deontological choices.

scholarly journals A Novel Multi-Criteria Group Decision-Making Approach Based on Bonferroni and Heronian Mean Operators under Hesitant 2-Tuple Linguistic Environment

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (13) ◽  
pp. 1489
Author(s):  
Shahzad Faizi ◽  
Wojciech Sałabun ◽  
Nisbha Shaheen ◽  
Atiq ur Rehman ◽  
Jarosław Wątróbski
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Aggregation Operators ◽  
Bonferroni Mean ◽  
Operational Laws ◽  
Geometric Bonferroni Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Heronian Mean

Ambiguous and uncertain facts can be handled using a hesitant 2-tuple linguistic set (H2TLS), an important expansion of the 2-tuple linguistic set. The vagueness and uncertainty of data can be grabbed by using aggregation operators. Therefore, aggregation operators play an important role in computational processes to merge the information provided by decision makers (DMs). Furthermore, the aggregation operator is a potential mechanism for merging multisource data which is synonymous with cooperative preference. The aggregation operators need to be studied and analyzed from various perspectives to represent complex choice situations more readily and capture the diverse experiences of DMs. In this manuscript, we propose some valuable operational laws for H2TLS. These new operational laws work through the individual aggregation of linguistic words and the collection of translation parameters. We introduced a hesitant 2-tuple linguistic weighted average (H2TLWA) operator to solve multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) problems. We also define hesitant 2-tuple linguistic Bonferroni mean (H2TLBM) operator, hesitant 2-tuple linguistic geometric Bonferroni mean (H2TLGBM) operator, hesitant 2-tuple linguistic Heronian mean (H2TLHM) operator, and a hesitant 2-tuple linguistic geometric Heronian mean (H2TLGHM) operator based on the novel operational laws proposed in this paper. We define the aggregation operators for addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, scalar multiplication, power and complement with their respective properties. An application example and comparison analysis were examined to show the usefulness and practicality of the work.

scholarly journals HESR innovation in analysis that supports decision making and action

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
B Barr
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Equity ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Status Report ◽  
Policy Performance ◽  
European Health ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Health And Well Being ◽  
Inform Decision Making

Abstract The European Health Equity Status Report makes innovative use of microdata, at the level of the individual, to decompose the relative contributions of five essential underlying conditions to inequities in health and well-being. These essential conditions comprise: (1) Health services (2) Income security and social protection (3) Living conditions (4) Social and human capital (5) Employment and working conditions. Combining microdata across over twenty sources, the work of HESRi has also produced disaggregated indicators in health, well-being, and each of the five essential conditions. In conjunction with indicators of policy performance and investment, the HESRi Health Equity Dataset of over 100 indicators is the first of its kind, as a resource for monitoring and analysing inequities across the essential conditions and policies to inform decision making and action to reduce gaps in health and well-being.

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