Review of current research trends in bird strike and hail impact simulations on wing leading edge

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 602-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdobyslaw Jan Goraj ◽  
Kamila Kustron
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Bird Strike ◽  
Physical Test ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Physical Tests ◽  
Statistical Approaches ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hail Impact

Purpose Bird strike and hail impact resistances are considered in relation to the fulfilment of airworthiness/crashworthiness regulations as specified by appropriate aviation authorities. Before aircraft are allowed to go into service, these regulations must be fulfilled. This includes the adaption of the wing leading edge (LE) structure to smart diagnostics and an easy repair. This paper aims to focus on the wing LE, although all forward-facing aircraft components are exposed to the impact of foreign object during the flight. The best practices based on credible simulations which may be appropriate means of establishing compliance with European Aviation safety Agency and Federal Aviation Administration regulations regarding bird strikes, together with the problem of collisions with hailstones, are overviewed in aspect of accuracy and computing cost. Design/methodology/approach The best means of evaluating worldwide certification standards so as to be more efficient for all stakeholders by reducing risk and costs (time and money consuming) of certification process are recommended. The very expensive physical tests may be replaced by adequate and credible computer simulations. The adequate credible simulation must be verified and validated. The statistical approaches for modelling the uncertainty are presented in aspect of computing cost. Findings The simulation models have simplifications and assumptions that generate an uncertainty. The uncertainty must be identified in benchmarking tests. Instead of using “in house” physical tests, there are scientific papers available in open literature thanks to the new trend in worldwide publication of the research results. These large databases can be efficiently transform into useful benchmark thanks to data mining and knowledge discovery methods and big data analyses. The physical test data are obtained from tests on the ground-based demonstrator by using high-speed cameras and a structural health monitoring system, and therefore, they should be applied at an early stage of the design process. Originality/value The sources of uncertainty in simulation models are expressed, and the way to their assessment is presented based on statistical approaches. A brief review of the current research shows that it widely uses efficient numerical analysis and computer simulations and is based on finite element methods, mesh structure as well as mesh free particle models. These methods and models are useful to analyse airworthiness requirements for damage tolerance regarding bird-strike and hail impact and haves been subjected to critical review in this paper. Many original papers were considered in this analysis, and some of them have been critically reviewed and commented upon.

scholarly journals Assessing asset monitoring levels for maintenance operations

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 632-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah A Alabdulkarim ◽  
Peter Ball ◽  
Ashutosh Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Asset Management ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
Dynamic Modelling ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Event Simulation ◽  
Product Service ◽  
Asset Monitoring ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – Asset management has recently gained significance due to emerging business models such as Product Service Systems where the sale of asset use, rather than the sale of the asset itself, is applied. This leaves the responsibility of the maintenance tasks to fall on the shoulders of the manufacturer/supplier to provide high asset availability. The use of asset monitoring assists in providing high availability but the level of monitoring and maintenance needs to be assessed for cost effectiveness. There is a lack of available tools and understanding of their value in assessing monitoring levels. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This research aims to develop a dynamic modelling approach using Discrete Event Simulation (DES) to assess such maintenance systems in order to provide a better understanding of the behaviour of complex maintenance operations. Interviews were conducted and literature was analysed to gather modelling requirements. Generic models were created, followed by simulation models, to examine how maintenance operation systems behave regarding different levels of asset monitoring. Findings – This research indicates that DES discerns varying levels of complexity of maintenance operations but that more sophisticated asset monitoring levels will not necessarily result in a higher asset performance. The paper shows that it is possible to assess the impact of monitoring levels as well as make other changes to system operation that may be more or less effective. Practical implications – The proposed tool supports the maintenance operations decision makers to select the appropriate asset monitoring level that suits their operational needs. Originality/value – A novel DES approach was developed to assess asset monitoring levels for maintenance operations. In applying this quantitative approach, it was demonstrated that higher asset monitoring levels do not necessarily result in higher asset availability. The work provides a means of evaluating the constraints in the system that an asset is part of rather than focusing on the asset in isolation.

scholarly journals The sensitiveness of explosives - The onset of detonation in the sensitiveness of explosives

1948 ◽  
Vol 241 (831) ◽  
pp. 197-203 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Information ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Impact Machine ◽  
Physical Test ◽  
Experimental Knowledge ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Physical Tests ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Service Conditions ◽  
The Impact

The ease with which explosives detonate on receiving a sharp blow or shock is of practical importance in determining manufacturing precautions and safety in handling, and also in deciding what initiators can be used. Physical tests on sensitiveness have hitherto imitated either manufacturing or service conditions as closely as possible. With any one physical test, such as that of the impact machine (cf. part III (1)), it is possible to arrange explosives in a scale of sensitiveness. The order of sensitiveness in a scale determined in any one way may be quite different from the order determined in other ways, but owing to the empirical nature of the tests it is often difficult to explain why anomalies occur. Results in accordance with each other are, however, obtained in many cases. Progress in synthetic organic chemistry has increased the range of possible explosives to such an extent that some more scientific information on sensitiveness would be most useful in orienting future developments. Various developments in the experimental knowledge on the subject are discussed in the following sections.

Effects of occupant behaviour on energy performance in buildings: a green and non-green building comparison

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 1939-1962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Almeida ◽  
Vivian W.Y. Tam ◽  
Khoa N. Le ◽  
Yujuan She
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Occupant Behaviour ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Building Simulations ◽  
University Buildings ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
The Impact

PurposeOccupants are one of the most impacting factors in the overall energy performance of buildings, according to literature. Occupants’ behaviours and actions may impact the overall use of energy in more than 50%. In order to quantify the impact that occupant behaviour has in the use of energy, this study simulated interactions between occupants and the systems present in two actual buildings. The main aim was to compare the deviations due to occupant behaviour with the actual conditions and energy use of the two buildings.Design/methodology/approachThe buildings used as a case study in this research were green buildings, rated according to the Australian Green Star certification system as a 6-star and a non-rated building. The two buildings are university buildings with similar characteristics, from Western Sydney University, in Sydney, Australia. A comparison was performed by means of building simulations among the use of energy in both buildings, aiming to understand if the green rating had any impact on the energy related to occupant behaviour. Therefore, to represent the actual buildings' conditions, the actual data related with climate, geometry, systems, internal loads, etc. were used as input variables in the simulation models of the green and the non-rated buildings. Both models were calibrated and validated, having as target the actual monitored use of electricity.FindingsOccupants were categorized according to their levels of energy use as follows: saving, real and intensive energy users. Building simulations were performed to each building, with varying parameters related with lighting, plug loads, windows/doors opening, shading and air conditioning set points. Results show that occupant behaviour may impact the buildings' energy performance in a range of 72% between the two extremes. There is no significant relationship between the green rating and the way occupants behave in terms of the energy use.Originality/valueThis study intends to show the impact of different categories of occupant behaviour in the overall energy performance of two university buildings, a non-rated and a green-rated building, having as reference an actual representation of the buildings. Additionally, the study aims to understand the main differences between a green-rated and a non-rated building when accounting with the previous categories.

Agricultural aircraft wing slat tolerance for bird strike

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 590-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Deskiewicz ◽  
Rafał Perz
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Impact Velocity ◽  
Structural Response ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Bird Strike ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Explicit Finite Element ◽  
Explicit Finite Element Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The aim of this study is to assess and describe possible consequences of a bird strike on a Polish-designed PZL-106 Kruk agricultural aircraft. Due to its susceptibility to such events, a wing slat has been chosen for analysis. Design/methodology/approach Smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) formulation has been used for generation of the bird finite element model. The simulations were performed by the LS-Dyna explicit finite element analysis software. Several test cases have been analysed with differing parameters such as impact velocity, initial velocity vector direction, place of impact and bird mass. Findings Results of this study reveal that the structure remains safe after an impact at the velocity of 25 m/s. The influence of bird mass on slat damage is clearly observable when the impact velocity rises to 60 m/s. Another important finding was that in each case where the part did not withstand the applied load, it was the lug where first failure occurred. Some of the analysed cases indicated the possibility a consequent wing box damage. Practical implications This finding provides the manufacturer an important insight into the behaviour of the slat and suggests that more detailed analysis of the current lug design might improve the safety of the structure. Originality/value Even though similar analyses have been performed, they tended to focus on large transport aircraft components. This investigation will enhance our understanding of structural response of small, low-speed aircraft to a bird impact, which is a realistic scenario for the chosen case of an agricultural plane.

scholarly journals Investigate the Crashworthiness of high-velocity bird impact on three different designed model wings by using Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD HASSAM SAEED ◽  
Noaman Muhammad ◽  
Joseph Smith
Keyword(s):  
High Velocity ◽  
Excellent Result ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Damage Analysis ◽  
Bird Strike ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
Bird Impact ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reinforced Composite Material

Bird strike is a significant threat to the parts of the flying aircrafts. The wing is a central part, which provides stability to the aircraft. Mostly at wing, bird attack the leading edge. Worldwide aviation regulation FRA, EASA, required 4Ib bird strike on the wing of aircraft, and after this bird strike, aircraft is able to be safely landed. This study aims to investigate the resistance of the wing against the bird strike and damage analysis of the high-velocity bird collision on the model wing, inner structure, spar, and ribs. By using the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) approach in ABAQUS/Explicit. Our contribution 1) bird strike on a wing with assembled inner structure by aluminium and outer skin composed of unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite material. 2) bird strike on-wing which is similar with the first test in which the difference is of spar designed layers of horizontal plates like a comb. 3) bird strike on-wing which is similar with second model wing difference in this wing put an aluminium leading edge on the skin leading-edge, final to analyze the damage of bird impact on the wing, the velocity of bird strike is 200m/s and analyze the behavior of the bird at this velocity. Resistance behavior of composite skin After penetration in the wing, analyze the impact on the spar and stress on the inner structure. Analysis of the kinetic and internal energy graph and Comparison all of these results and check the performance, which gives an excellent result at this velocity. based on these results suggest which inner part is sensitive.

scholarly journals Investigate the Crashworthiness of high-velocity bird impact on three different designed model wings by using Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD HASSAM SAEED ◽  
Noaman Muhammad ◽  
Joseph Smith
Keyword(s):  
High Velocity ◽  
Excellent Result ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Damage Analysis ◽  
Bird Strike ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
Bird Impact ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reinforced Composite Material

Bird strike is a significant threat to the parts of the flying aircrafts. The wing is a central part, which provides stability to the aircraft. Mostly at wing, bird attack the leading edge. Worldwide aviation regulation FRA, EASA, required 4Ib bird strike on the wing of aircraft, and after this bird strike, aircraft is able to be safely landed. This study aims to investigate the resistance of the wing against the bird strike and damage analysis of the high-velocity bird collision on the model wing, inner structure, spar, and ribs. By using the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) approach in ABAQUS/Explicit. Our contribution 1) bird strike on a wing with assembled inner structure by aluminium and outer skin composed of unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite material. 2) bird strike on-wing which is similar with the first test in which the difference is of spar designed layers of horizontal plates like a comb. 3) bird strike on-wing which is similar with second model wing difference in this wing put an aluminium leading edge on the skin leading-edge, final to analyze the damage of bird impact on the wing, the velocity of bird strike is 200m/s and analyze the behavior of the bird at this velocity. Resistance behavior of composite skin After penetration in the wing, analyze the impact on the spar and stress on the inner structure. Analysis of the kinetic and internal energy graph and Comparison all of these results and check the performance, which gives an excellent result at this velocity. based on these results suggest which inner part is sensitive.

scholarly journals Bird strike virtual testing for preliminary airframe design

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Petros V. Perdikoulis ◽  
Ioannis K. Giannopoulos ◽  
Efstathios E. Theotokoglou
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Damage Mechanics ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Aircraft Design ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Structural Performance ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Bird Strike ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fracture Simulation

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to use numerical methods early in the airframe design process and access the structural performance of wing leading edge devices made of different materials and design details, under bird strike events. Design/methodology/approach Explicit finite element analysis was used to numerically model bird strike events. Findings Structural performance charts related to materials and general design details were drawn to explore the design space dictated by the current applicable airworthiness requirements. Practical implications This paper makes use of the current capability in the numerical tools available for structural simulations and exposes the existing limitations in the terms of material modelling, material properties and fracture simulation using continuum damage mechanics. Such results will always be in the need of fine-tuning with experimental testing, yet the tools can shed some light very early in the design process in a relative inexpensive manner, especially for design details down selection like materials to use, structural thicknesses and even design arrangements. Originality/value Bird strike simulations have been successfully used on aircraft design, mainly at the manufactured articles design validation, testing and certification. This paper presents a hypothetical early design case study of leading edge devices for appropriate material and skin thickness down selection.

Simulation Analysis and Material Optimization of an Aircraft Wing Leading Edge When Subjected to an Artificial Bird Strike

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Srinivasan ◽  
Channankaiah ◽  
George P. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Impact Behavior ◽  
Bird Strike ◽  
Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics ◽  
Sph Method ◽  
Material Optimization ◽  
Particle Hydrodynamics ◽  
The Impact

Bird strike resistance is a strict certification requirement in aircraft industries, and the Federal Aviation Regulations specifically gives various specifications to be followed for certification of various parts of the aircraft. The primary objective of this research is to develop a methodology, which can be utilized to certify an aircraft for bird strike using computational methods, and the impact behavior of a 4-lb artificial bird impinging on the wing leading edge is performed using smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. The study is focused on the most-frequently used bird configuration in the literatures: namely, cylinder with hemispherical ends. The skin is modeled with an aluminum 2014 alloy, which is prominently used in aircraft industries, and aluminum 8090 alloy. The effects of impact on these materials are studied.

Infill parameters influence over the natural frequencies of ABS specimens obtained by extrusion-based 3D printing

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Radu Constantin Parpala ◽  
Diana Popescu ◽  
Cristina Pupaza
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Natural Frequency ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Response Surfaces ◽  
Frequency Function ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The mechanical performances of 3D-printed parts are influenced by the manufacturing variables. Many studies experimentally evaluate the impact of the process parameters on specimens’ static and dynamic behavior with the aim of tailoring the mechanical response of the prints. However, this experimental approach is hampered by the very large number of parameters, 3D printers and materials, the development of computer simulation models being thus required. In the context, this study aims to fill a gap by experimentally investigating the influence of infill related parameters over the vibrations of 3D-printed specimens, as well as to propose and validate a parametric finite element (FE) model for the prediction of eigenfrequencies. Design/methodology/approach A generally applicable FE model is not yet available for the 3D printing technology based on the material extrusion process due to the large number of parameters settings that determine a large variability of outcomes. Hence, the idea of developing numerical simulation models that address sets of parameters and assess their impact on a certain mechanical property. For the natural frequency, the influence of the infill density and infill line width is studied in this paper. An FE script that automates the generation of the model geometry by using the considered set of parameters is developed and run. The results of the modal analysis are compared to the experimental values for validating the script. Findings Based on the experimental results, a linear regression between the weight of the part and the first natural frequency is established. The response surfaces indicate that the infill density is the most significant parameter of influence. The weight-frequency function is then used for the prediction of the natural frequency of specimens manufactured with other infill parameters and values, including different infill patterns. Practical implications As the malfunctions or mechanical damages can be caused by the resonant vibration of parts during use, this research develops a FE-parameterized model that evaluates and predicts the eigenfrequencies of 2D printed parts to prevent these undesirable events. The targeted functional applications are those in which 3D-printed polymer parts are used, such as drone arms or drone propellers. Originality/value This research studies the influence of process parameters on the natural frequency of 3D-printed polylactic acid specimens, a topic scarcely addressed in literature. It also proposes a new approach for the development of parameterized FE models for sets of parameters, instead of a general model, to reduce the time and resources allocated to the experimental tests. Such a model is provided in this paper for evaluating the influence of infill parameters on 3D prints eigenfrequency. The numerical model is validated for other infill settings.

The More Control, the Better?

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeeyun Oh ◽  
Mun-Young Chung ◽  
Sangyong Han
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Design ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Story Structure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High User ◽  
User Control ◽  
Rigorous Research ◽  
Control Versus ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Impact

Despite of the popularity of interactive movie trailers, rigorous research on one of the most apparent features of these interfaces – the level of user control – has been scarce. This study explored the effects of user control on users’ immersion and enjoyment of the movie trailers, moderated by the content type. We conducted a 2 (high user control versus low user control) × 2 (drama film trailer versus documentary film trailer) mixed-design factorial experiment. The results showed that the level of user control over movie trailer interfaces decreased users’ immersion when the trailer had an element of traditional story structure, such as a drama film trailer. Participants in the high user control condition answered that they were less fascinated with, absorbed in, focused on, mentally involved with, and emotionally affected by the movie trailer than participants in the low user control condition only with the drama movie trailer. The negative effects of user control on the level of immersion for the drama trailer translated into users’ enjoyment. The impact of user control over interfaces on immersion and enjoyment varies depending on the nature of the media content, which suggests a possible trade-off between the level of user control and entertainment outcomes.

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