Multi-dimensional scale to measure destination food image: case of Korean food

2015 ◽  
Vol 117 (12) ◽  
pp. 2914-2929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunhee Seo ◽  
Nara Yun
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Scale Development ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Food Culture ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Complex Dimensions ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Food Image

Purpose – Given the increasing importance of food in tourist activities and destination choice, the purpose of this paper is to reveal a comprehensive measurement scale to evaluate the image of destination food, adopting procedures recommended by previous studies. Design/methodology/approach – The procedure in this study followed two steps: first, item generation including literature review and focus groups; and second, scale purification. Scale purification included exploratory factor analysis to derive an initial factor structure and reliability assessment and confirmatory factor analysis to test the theoretical factor structure and assess validity. Findings – The scale development procedure yielded five dimensions of destination food image: “food safety and quality,” “attractiveness of food,” “health benefits of food,” “food culture,” and “unique culinary arts.” Research limitations/implications – This study contributes to the food-related tourism literature by measuring destination food image based on scale development processes using both cognitive and affective elements. Practical implications – The results help practitioners understand the complex dimensions of destination food image and how destination marketing professionals can use this image to advertise a destination. Originality/value – This study has value in measuring destination food image through scale development processes and integrating both cognitive evaluations and affective evaluations.

scholarly journals Perceived constraints to sex tourism overseas: scale development and validation

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianyu Ying ◽  
Jun Wen ◽  
Edmund Goh ◽  
Shaohua Yang
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Scale Development ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Commercial Sex ◽  
Sex Tourism ◽  
Tourism Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Chinese Tourists ◽  
Perceived Constraints

PurposeThe relationship between sex and tourism remains ambiguous in the tourism literature. Few studies have examined the underlying motivations behind sex-driven travel, and little is known about factors inhibiting tourists' procurement of commercial sex when traveling. Therefore, this study explored male Chinese tourists' perceived constraints during decision-making and developed a comprehensive scale to assess constraints to commercial sex consumption overseas.Design/methodology/approachData were obtained from male Chinese tourists purchasing commercial sex while traveling overseas. This study involved a four-stage process as recommended by Churchill (1979) for scale development research. In Stage 1, preliminary items were generated through a comprehensive review of the constraints literature and in-depth interviews with 16 sex tourists, which generated an initial 26 items. During the second stage to purify the measurement items, six items were eliminated, resulting in 20 items. Stage 3 involved exploratory factor analysis (N = 275) to extract the scale's underlying factor structure. Results revealed a five-factor structure with sufficient evidence of internal reliability given Cronbach's alpha coefficients between 0.722 and 0.843. The final stage included confirmatory factor analysis (N = 259) to verify the scale's reliability and validity.FindingsUltimately, 20 items were developed to measure sex tourists' perceived constraints toward engaging in commercial sex services overseas based on five factors: structural constraints, intrapersonal constraints, interpersonal constraints, value conflicts and service supply–related constraints.Originality/valueThis study advances the scope of sex tourism research by verifying how these five constraints are independent, generalized and can influence the procurement of sexual services overseas. This study is the first in sex tourism research to explore the difficulties facing sex tourists. Results offer marketers important insight on how to better address these constraints while providing a safe and legal sex tourism experience.

Development of the destination food image scale (DFIS) and examination of measurement invariance by gender

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hakan Görür ◽  
Cem Oktay Güzeller
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Scale Development ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Scale Adaptation ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Food Image ◽  
Image Component

PurposeThe main purpose of this study is to create a reliable and valid scale to assess the destination food image perceived by the tourists regarding the food in Turkey within the cognitive and affective image component framework. In line with this purpose, both scale development and scale adaptation studies are conducted, and measurement invariance of the scale for gender is analyzed.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses the survey model among quantitative research methods. Scale development processes are used to assess the cognitive image; the construct validity is analyzed with exploratory factor analysis (n = 328), confirmatory factor analysis (n = 425) and convergent and discriminant validity. Scale adaptation processes are followed to assess the affective image, and construct validity is tested with confirmatory factor analysis (n = 425). The reliability of both scales is investigated with Cronbach's alpha. Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel (CMH) analysis is conducted for measurement invariance for gender.FindingsConstruct validity and reliability provided the desired values in all processes. Measurement invariance results proved that the scale does not change according to genders.Research limitations/implicationsThe data obtained in this study have geographical limitations, and the data represent tourists visiting Antalya, an important tourism destination in Turkey.Practical implicationsThe scale will provide concrete information about the destination food image and help practitioners to test the model and develop future strategies for the destination.Originality/valueThis study presents an integrated approach to understanding the destination food image and expands theoretical and empirical evidence by creating a scale that measures both cognitive and affective image component. Scale-invariant shows that there is no item bias for analyzed gender and contributes to generalizability.

scholarly journals Individual social entrepreneurship orientation: towards development of a measurement scale

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mir Shahid Satar ◽  
Saqib Natasha
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Scale Development ◽  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Delphi Study ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Social Entrepreneurs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Individual Level

Purpose While the literature has described social entrepreneurs as overwhelmingly occupying a pivotal role in social entrepreneurship (S-ENT) process, there is a high inconsistency prevailing with respect to entrepreneurial traits, attitudes and skills of social entrepreneurs. One explanation for this may be the lack of a suitable scale measuring entrepreneurship orientation of social entrepreneurial individuals. The purpose of this study is to address this gap by proposing an initial assessment tool for individual S-ENT orientation (ISEO). Design/methodology/approach A mixed methods research design, along with a two-stage Delphi process, helped in generating appropriate constructs for ISEO. While the items for the first dimension of scale were directly derived from the Delphi study, the items of the remaining dimensions were mainly found based on the three individual entrepreneurial orientation dimensions presented by Bolton and Lane. By means of exploratory factor analysis, the final examination of the ISEO items was undertaken through a survey of 71 social entrepreneurs across India. The process eventually resulted in reliable and valid measures for four dimensions of ISEO. Findings The scale-development process eventually resulted in a 13-item scale, measuring four dimensions of ISEO (social passion, innovativeness, risk-taking and pro-activeness). By developing a set of relevant ISEO indicators, the study answers the call for a scale development of ISEO in S-ENT literature. Research limitations/implications There is a need to further validate this instrument among other stakeholders (students) as well as in samples with different demographic characteristics across different regions of the country and the world. To further evaluate the reliability and validity properties and to confirm the newly established subscales and their relationship with the ISEO construct, there is need for conducting a confirmatory factor analysis using larger sample sizes. Practical implications The measurement of SEO at an individual level will assist in S-ENT education, training and development of present and prospective social entrepreneurs, as well as assist individuals who want to assess the strength of their orientation towards S-ENT. The understanding of ISEO at the individual level will be equally useful for S-ENT incubators, the government and other S-ENT stakeholders who are considering supporting S-ENT proposals. Originality/value The paper is the first to develop an ISEO scale which is based on empirical data in S-ENT field.

Perceived information pollution: conceptualization, measurement, and nomological validity

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 705-722
Author(s):  
Qaisar Iqbal ◽  
Noor Hazlina Ahmad ◽  
Rashid Nawaz
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Information Quality ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Nature Of Information ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Nomological Validity

PurposeCurrently, employees are facing information explosion in the presence of disruptive information and communication technologies of industry 4.0. With the prevalent nature of information pollution, employees are suffering to process large volume of information in order to access quality information. The objective of present study is to develop a measurement scale of perceived information pollution in the context of workplace. Furthermore, this study aims to assess the nomological validity of the proposed construct.Design/methodology/approachThis study has employed a sequential exploratory mixed-method design to develop and validate the measurement scale of perceived information pollution. The population of the present study comprised of the employees who work in the operations and credit department of banking sector. The present study has used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to analyze data in AMOS.FindingsThe present study has developed the second-order measurement scale of perceived information pollution. The perceived information pollution comprises of five dimensions – accessible, intrinsic, contextual, representational, and distractive information pollution. This study has also confirmed the nomological validity of the information pollution in relation to employee's job satisfaction, work effort, and learning effort.Research limitations/implicationsManagement may employ the five dimensions as a benchmark in revealing polluted information as well as enhancing information quality through information processing.Originality/valueThis study has contributed to the literature of information management by providing a five-dimensional scale of perceived information pollution and confirming its nomological validity.

Research on scale development of consumption rituals

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianzheng Fei ◽  
Yajing Huang ◽  
Qian Huang
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Scale Development ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Confirmatory Factor

PurposeThe current research aims to develop a measurement scale of consumption rituals. On the basis of literature review and second-hand data, this paper conceptualizes consumption rituals and compiles the initial items. Furthermore, through the scale development process, this paper constructs and verifies the four dimensions of consumption rituals, namely, uniqueness, commitment, ceremoniality and nonfunctionality.Design/methodology/approachFirst, qualitative data gathered in an open interview and secondary data from the Internet were examined, and then they were converted into initial statements. Then researchers refined and evaluated the statements to form the initial items. After two rounds of exploratory factor analysis (EFA), the items were tested and improved to make them clear representatives of the conceptual structure and the final items of the Consumption Ritual Scale were formed. Finally, through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the items were retested and revised, and the reliability and validity of the scale were assessed, so as to obtain the final scale.FindingsEmpirical studies show that the scale has good reliability and validity, and has good discriminative validity with related variables (such as the sense of sacredness, sense of participation, feeling of awe, sense of control and sense of identity).Originality/valueThis paper selects rituals in the consumption context as the research object, explores and verifies the conceptual dimension, constructs a four-factor dimensional model and develops a measurement scale of consumption rituals.

scholarly journals Evaluating Tourism Market Regulation from Tourists’ Perspective: Scale Development and Validation

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 975-992
Author(s):  
Yixue Liu ◽  
Yanbo Yao ◽  
Daisy X.F. Fan
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Scale Development ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
Regulatory Oversight ◽  
Feedback Processing ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Contract Compliance ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Development And Validation

Despite the increasing attention given to tourism regulation in recent years, great ambiguity surrounds this concept and no valid and reliable instrument exists to measure tourism market regulation (TMR). This study uses multi-step mixed methods to develop a measurement scale of TMR from the perspective of tourists. In the first step, interviews and focus groups are undertaken to formulate a clear definition of TMR and its attributes. In the second step, a scale development procedure is adopted to analyze two rounds of data for dimension exploration via exploratory factor analysis and confirmation via confirmatory factor analysis. Through these analyses, five dimensions are generated: regulatory oversight, truth in advertising, tourism contract compliance, fulfilling tourism contracts, and travel feedback processing. The reliable and valid results contribute to refining TMR in the context of China. They also provide a useful tool for tourists and destination marketing organizations to measure and govern TMR in other regions/countries.

Developing a measurement scale for organizational learning capabilities in China

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanwen Dai ◽  
Jan Ketil K. Arnulf ◽  
Laileng Iao ◽  
Meng Liang ◽  
Haojin Dai
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Organizational Learning ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Measurement Instrument ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Management Research ◽  
Learning Capability ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop a measurement instrument for organizational learning capability (OLC) in a Chinese management context. Previous research has indicated a need for measurement instruments with proven ecological validity in China, because the learning capability of organizations is influenced by the organization’s external environment. Design/methodology/approach The authors followed a consequent inductive procedure from item sampling through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and nomological validation. The initial part sampled relevant descriptors from a diverse sample of 159 employees from heterogeneous backgrounds in China. After sorting by an expert panel, EFA of data from a sample of 161 executive students yielded a three-dimensional construct comprising knowledge acquisition, knowledge sharing and knowledge utilization. These three constructs were again tested in CFA using a sample of 357 employees from five companies. Findings The findings across the three samples resulted in a three-dimensional measurement scale that is called as the organizational learning capability questionnaire (OLCQ). The OLCQ displayed high internal consistency, reliability and nomological validity. Research limitations/implications This focus of this study has only been to establish a measurement instrument that allows indigenous research on organizational learning in China. The approach was statistically driven grounded approach, not a theoretical assumption of learning mechanisms special to the Chinese culture. Further research is needed to estimate how this approach yields results that are different from other cultures or the extent to which our findings can be explained by features of the Chinese culture or business environment. Practical implications This study offers a practical measurement instrument to assess practical and scientific problems of organizational learning in China. Social implications The work here emphasizes the necessity of a knowledge sharing community for organizational learning to appear. It addresses a call for more indigenous Chinese management research. Originality/value The authors provide a measurement instrument for OLC with proven ecological validity and with promising consequences for research and practice in China. The instrument is empirically grounded in the practices and behaviors of Chinese managers, avoiding biases that stem from previously identified shortcomings in cross-cultural management research. To the knowledge, it is the first of its kind and a contribution to a call for indigenous management theories with contextual validity.

Homesickness: a comparative study of defense and civilian employees and individual differences

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naval Garg ◽  
B.K. Punia ◽  
Vanshikha Kakkar ◽  
Sarika Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Adjustment Problems ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Civilian Employees

Purpose Most of the studies in the field of homesickness are confined to students; this study aims to explore the feeling of homesickness among working professionals. Also, it tends to examine individual differences in the experience of homesickness across employees of different gender, ages, experience, family type, etc. The study also aspires to compare homesickness among military and civil employees. Design/methodology/approach The study explores five dimensions of homesickness, namely, missing family, missing friend, rumination about home, feeling lonely and adjustment problems. The collected data is subjected to reliability, validity and confirmatory factor analysis. Further, t-test and analysis of variance are used to explore homesickness differences across soldiers and corporate employees. Findings The study reveals that homesickness is significantly higher for employees in the male, unmarried, nuclear family, above the age of 45 years, and below the graduation category. Also, defense people experience more homesickness than civilian employees. Originality/value This study is one of the pioneer studies that compare homesickness among defense and civilian employees. Also, variables such as type of family, the experience of employees and marital status have hardly been explored in the literature of homesickness.

Brand luxury index: a reconsideration and revision

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jieun Kim ◽  
Kim K. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Scale Validation ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Luxury Brands ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Extended Self ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Verification Process ◽  
Group Interviews

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to improve the original Brand Luxury Index (BLI) developed by Vigneron and Johnson to provide a practical tool for assessing consumer’s perception of the luxurious of a brand. Design/methodology/approach – The original BLI was revised through three stages: an initial scale-item generation employing a qualitative method (i.e. focus group interviews), scale purification process using statistical techniques (i.e. exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)), and scale verification process using CFA. Data (249 for scale purification, 253 for scale validation) were collected with the help of E-rewards, a marketing research company. Findings – The modified BLI contains five dimensions (i.e. quality, extended-self, hedonism, accessibility, and tradition). The number of the dimensions remained the same as the original conceptualization (i.e. conspicuousness, uniqueness, quality, hedonism, extended-self), however, the contents of those dimensions differed. Practical implications – The modified BLI can be used to monitor and manage a prestige brand in the market place. Not only can marketers of prestige brands use the index to assess consumers’ perception of the luxuriousness of their brands but also to position their brand along the desired dimension of luxuriousness. Originality/value – The modified BLI can be used to measure marketing performance of luxury brands.

The relational capital of the IT department

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 835-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Zardini ◽  
Francesca Ricciardi ◽  
Cecilia Rossignoli
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Level ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Relational Capital ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Strategic Value ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
It Department

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to shed light on how the relational capital of the information technology (IT) department creates value in organizations. In addition, the paper presents a multi-dimensional scale to measure and manage relational capital in the IT department. Design/methodology/approach – In the first, explorative phase of the study, interviews and focus groups were conducted in order to develop a new measurement scale, which was subsequently tested through a survey questionnaire (212 respondents). Findings – This research suggests that the relational capital of the IT department is a very important resource for the creation of strategic value. The statistical analysis conducted for this study confirmed the validity and reliability of the novel scale developed to measure this resource. Finally, thanks to factor analysis, five dimensions for the scale were identified. Research limitations/implications – Data were collected in northern Italy only. Further studies are advisable to confirm the validity of the constructs and scale. Practical implications – The questionnaire presented in this study can be used to monitor the effectiveness of the interactions between the IT department and the other key actors involved in IT-enabled innovation. The adoption of this scale and its possible adaptation to specific, evolving business contexts may enhance the practitioner’s understanding of the role of relational capital in the value creation process. Originality/value – The paper contributes to the “third stage” of intellectual capital research by concentrating on an intra-organizational level of analysis, which has been overlooked in the literature to date.

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