scholarly journals Perceived constraints to sex tourism overseas: scale development and validation

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianyu Ying ◽  
Jun Wen ◽  
Edmund Goh ◽  
Shaohua Yang
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Scale Development ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Commercial Sex ◽  
Sex Tourism ◽  
Tourism Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Chinese Tourists ◽  
Perceived Constraints

PurposeThe relationship between sex and tourism remains ambiguous in the tourism literature. Few studies have examined the underlying motivations behind sex-driven travel, and little is known about factors inhibiting tourists' procurement of commercial sex when traveling. Therefore, this study explored male Chinese tourists' perceived constraints during decision-making and developed a comprehensive scale to assess constraints to commercial sex consumption overseas.Design/methodology/approachData were obtained from male Chinese tourists purchasing commercial sex while traveling overseas. This study involved a four-stage process as recommended by Churchill (1979) for scale development research. In Stage 1, preliminary items were generated through a comprehensive review of the constraints literature and in-depth interviews with 16 sex tourists, which generated an initial 26 items. During the second stage to purify the measurement items, six items were eliminated, resulting in 20 items. Stage 3 involved exploratory factor analysis (N = 275) to extract the scale's underlying factor structure. Results revealed a five-factor structure with sufficient evidence of internal reliability given Cronbach's alpha coefficients between 0.722 and 0.843. The final stage included confirmatory factor analysis (N = 259) to verify the scale's reliability and validity.FindingsUltimately, 20 items were developed to measure sex tourists' perceived constraints toward engaging in commercial sex services overseas based on five factors: structural constraints, intrapersonal constraints, interpersonal constraints, value conflicts and service supply–related constraints.Originality/valueThis study advances the scope of sex tourism research by verifying how these five constraints are independent, generalized and can influence the procurement of sexual services overseas. This study is the first in sex tourism research to explore the difficulties facing sex tourists. Results offer marketers important insight on how to better address these constraints while providing a safe and legal sex tourism experience.

Multi-dimensional scale to measure destination food image: case of Korean food

2015 ◽  
Vol 117 (12) ◽  
pp. 2914-2929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunhee Seo ◽  
Nara Yun
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Scale Development ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Food Culture ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Complex Dimensions ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Food Image

Purpose – Given the increasing importance of food in tourist activities and destination choice, the purpose of this paper is to reveal a comprehensive measurement scale to evaluate the image of destination food, adopting procedures recommended by previous studies. Design/methodology/approach – The procedure in this study followed two steps: first, item generation including literature review and focus groups; and second, scale purification. Scale purification included exploratory factor analysis to derive an initial factor structure and reliability assessment and confirmatory factor analysis to test the theoretical factor structure and assess validity. Findings – The scale development procedure yielded five dimensions of destination food image: “food safety and quality,” “attractiveness of food,” “health benefits of food,” “food culture,” and “unique culinary arts.” Research limitations/implications – This study contributes to the food-related tourism literature by measuring destination food image based on scale development processes using both cognitive and affective elements. Practical implications – The results help practitioners understand the complex dimensions of destination food image and how destination marketing professionals can use this image to advertise a destination. Originality/value – This study has value in measuring destination food image through scale development processes and integrating both cognitive evaluations and affective evaluations.

Homo moralis and Homo economicus: scale development and validation of consumers' moral preferences

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihyun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Homo Economicus ◽  
Content Type

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to develop and validate scales measuring two consumer moral preferences: Homo moralis and Homo economicus.Design/methodology/approachThis research includes four sequential studies. Before the first study, items were established through a comprehensive literature review and pre-test. Four studies were then conducted to verify the validity and reliability of the scales following the scale validation methodology suggested by Churchill (1979) and Anand and Kaur (2018). Study 1 employed exploratory factor analysis to extract the underlying factor structure of the scale. This led to a two-factor structure with sufficient evidence of internal reliability. Study 2 and Study 3 were conducted to confirm the reliability and the validity of the scale using confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha. The final study established the predictive validity of the scale using a structural equation model.FindingsFinally, seven items were developed measuring consumers' moral preferences for Homo moralis and Homo economicus.Research limitations/implicationsThis research has some limitations that should be addressed in future research. First, the scale was only tested in a Korean context. Second, this study was not conducted in the context of a specific industry.Originality/valueThis study extends the range of research to an empirical field by practically verifying how these two preferences are independent, can be generalized and can influence human behavior. This study empirically demonstrates that the preferences affect human behavior such as purchase intention. This study extends the current knowledge on Homo moralis and Homo economicus by providing a scale for empirical validation of the concepts.

Development of the destination food image scale (DFIS) and examination of measurement invariance by gender

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hakan Görür ◽  
Cem Oktay Güzeller
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Scale Development ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Scale Adaptation ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Food Image ◽  
Image Component

PurposeThe main purpose of this study is to create a reliable and valid scale to assess the destination food image perceived by the tourists regarding the food in Turkey within the cognitive and affective image component framework. In line with this purpose, both scale development and scale adaptation studies are conducted, and measurement invariance of the scale for gender is analyzed.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses the survey model among quantitative research methods. Scale development processes are used to assess the cognitive image; the construct validity is analyzed with exploratory factor analysis (n = 328), confirmatory factor analysis (n = 425) and convergent and discriminant validity. Scale adaptation processes are followed to assess the affective image, and construct validity is tested with confirmatory factor analysis (n = 425). The reliability of both scales is investigated with Cronbach's alpha. Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel (CMH) analysis is conducted for measurement invariance for gender.FindingsConstruct validity and reliability provided the desired values in all processes. Measurement invariance results proved that the scale does not change according to genders.Research limitations/implicationsThe data obtained in this study have geographical limitations, and the data represent tourists visiting Antalya, an important tourism destination in Turkey.Practical implicationsThe scale will provide concrete information about the destination food image and help practitioners to test the model and develop future strategies for the destination.Originality/valueThis study presents an integrated approach to understanding the destination food image and expands theoretical and empirical evidence by creating a scale that measures both cognitive and affective image component. Scale-invariant shows that there is no item bias for analyzed gender and contributes to generalizability.

Embeddedness of codes of ethics in construction organizations

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olugbenga Timo Oladinrin ◽  
Christabel Man-Fong Ho
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Codes Of Ethics ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ethical Codes ◽  
Construction Organizations

Purpose – The existence of codes of ethics in most organizations does not seem to have reduced unethical behaviour especially in the construction organizations due to lack of effective ethics management such as embeddedness of ethical codes. The purpose of this paper is to bridge the current knowledge gap by highlighting the principal factors determining the embeddedness of codes of ethics in construction organizations. Design/methodology/approach – Questionnaires detailing 30 factors determining ethical code embeddedness were sent to professionals in construction organizations in Hong Kong. In total, 160 valid responses were analysed by mean score and exploratory factor analysis. Findings – Based on the mean score, “protecting anyone who exposes alleged wrongdoing”, “managers acting as role models” and “giving code standards with explanation to new employees” are the three factors that ranked highest. From the results of factor analysis, six factors were extracted, including; process of code internalization, identification and remover of barriers, process of enacting value, process of accountability, process of coding and process of monitoring. These are processes that enable proper integration of codes of ethics within construction organization. Research limitations/implications – While this study has provided useful information regarding ethical codes, the limitation is inherent in the population of the study in that, percentage representation of construction organizations in Hong Kong could not be presented. This was due to the sensitivity of ethics as perceived by construction practitioners. The authors, at the initial stage, sent invitation letters to several organizations inviting them to participate in the research but they all declined. Therefore, the data collection approach discussed earlier was adopted and the questionnaire was made strictly anonymous which made it difficult to classify organizations that are represented. Nevertheless, it is hoped that this paper will engineer a change in research direction and open up new discussion channels. Originality/value – The results presented in this study provide sufficient evidence and useful pointers to clarify some misconceptions about factors determining code embeddedness. These findings help to clarify what the high-prioritized factors are, and could also be used as an assessment tool to evaluate performance of an organization regarding codes of ethics and thus help to identify areas requiring improvement.

scholarly journals Individual social entrepreneurship orientation: towards development of a measurement scale

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mir Shahid Satar ◽  
Saqib Natasha
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Scale Development ◽  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Delphi Study ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Social Entrepreneurs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Individual Level

Purpose While the literature has described social entrepreneurs as overwhelmingly occupying a pivotal role in social entrepreneurship (S-ENT) process, there is a high inconsistency prevailing with respect to entrepreneurial traits, attitudes and skills of social entrepreneurs. One explanation for this may be the lack of a suitable scale measuring entrepreneurship orientation of social entrepreneurial individuals. The purpose of this study is to address this gap by proposing an initial assessment tool for individual S-ENT orientation (ISEO). Design/methodology/approach A mixed methods research design, along with a two-stage Delphi process, helped in generating appropriate constructs for ISEO. While the items for the first dimension of scale were directly derived from the Delphi study, the items of the remaining dimensions were mainly found based on the three individual entrepreneurial orientation dimensions presented by Bolton and Lane. By means of exploratory factor analysis, the final examination of the ISEO items was undertaken through a survey of 71 social entrepreneurs across India. The process eventually resulted in reliable and valid measures for four dimensions of ISEO. Findings The scale-development process eventually resulted in a 13-item scale, measuring four dimensions of ISEO (social passion, innovativeness, risk-taking and pro-activeness). By developing a set of relevant ISEO indicators, the study answers the call for a scale development of ISEO in S-ENT literature. Research limitations/implications There is a need to further validate this instrument among other stakeholders (students) as well as in samples with different demographic characteristics across different regions of the country and the world. To further evaluate the reliability and validity properties and to confirm the newly established subscales and their relationship with the ISEO construct, there is need for conducting a confirmatory factor analysis using larger sample sizes. Practical implications The measurement of SEO at an individual level will assist in S-ENT education, training and development of present and prospective social entrepreneurs, as well as assist individuals who want to assess the strength of their orientation towards S-ENT. The understanding of ISEO at the individual level will be equally useful for S-ENT incubators, the government and other S-ENT stakeholders who are considering supporting S-ENT proposals. Originality/value The paper is the first to develop an ISEO scale which is based on empirical data in S-ENT field.

General decision making style: evidence from India

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Verma ◽  
Santosh Rangnekar
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Voluntary Participation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Education Experience ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Decision Making Styles ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine applicability of the general decision-making style (GDMS) inventory in India, using a sample of managers. In addition the authors identify various decision-making styles (DMS) of Indian managers and explore their association with respondents’ gender, age, education, experience level, annual income, sector, industry and organizational output. Design/methodology/approach – The sample consisted responses of 500 Indian managers from public (13 percent) and private (87 percent) sector organizations. The data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, independent sample t-tests and ANOVA. Findings – All decision-making sub scales (rational, intuitive, dependent, avoidant and spontaneous) had satisfactory reliabilities and internal consistencies. Results obtained factor structure that confirmed the original five-factor structure of GDMS. There were also mutual correlations among the styles. Moreover, there were significant differences in the DMS across respondents’ profile variables. Research limitations/implications – This research is based upon survey method and voluntary participation. Hence one can question generalization of findings to larger samples. Practical implications – Results provide insights into DMS of the Indian managers. Organizations may use GDMS as a selection tool, respondents may hone their DMS. Originality/value – A majority of researchers use survey without evaluating validity of the instruments in the selected context and sample. This research contributed to the literature and practice by testing validation of the GDMS inventory in India.

A Psychological Reactance Scale: Development, Factor Structure and Reliability

1989 ◽  
Vol 64 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1323-1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung-Mook Hong ◽  
Sandra Page
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Scale Development ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Psychological Reactance ◽  
Varimax Rotation ◽  
Development Factor ◽  
Psychometric Data ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Different Populations

This paper describes the development of Hong's Psychological Reactance Scale. An exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation yielded a clearly defined four-factor structure based on the data from 257 tertiary students. This structure compared favourably with previous research findings. Reliabilities for the scale were satisfactory and its use is recommended for gathering further psychometric data with different populations.

Seller experience assessment in online marketplace: a scale development study

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amresh Kumar ◽  
Pallab Sikdar ◽  
Raiswa Saha
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Scale Development ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Online Marketplace ◽  
Precise Knowledge ◽  
Online Marketplaces

PurposeRecent decade has witnessed exponential growth in e-commerce segment, leading to emergence of various online selling platforms catering to diverse product requirements of customers. Such a development has provided impetus to both existing businesses and newly established ventures to make available their offerings through online selling platforms with a view to improve the reach of their products. This study is an attempt to identify the experience of registered vendors with the online marketplaces. It aims to develop and validate a scale to measure vendor's experience with e-commerce platforms.Design/methodology/approachAs a part of the scale development process, relevant literature sources were scanned to spot the precise knowledge gap and to put in place a sound theoretical background for the study. Thereafter, a scientific approach was adopted for scale creation. First, the scale items were identified through interviews of vendors registered with major online selling platforms and other academic experts pertaining to the marketing domain. Subsequently, major dimensions of seller experience were identified through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) applied on data collected from active vendors by the means of a structured survey instrument. The final data set was subjected to confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in a bid to validate the scale.FindingsThe study’s outcomes reveal that seller experience in an online marketplace can be best captured by a multidimensional scale characterized by six major dimensions. These are “Registration,”; “Product Listing”; “Pricing Autonomy”; “Ease of Pick-up and Delivery”; “Credit of Receivables” and “Vendor Assistance.” A proper emphasis to continually improve upon these dimensions by the e-commerce platforms is expected to enhance the utility and overall experience of vendors from such platforms. Existence of a mutually beneficial relationship between vendors and online marketplaces will help marketplaces to mitigate concerns like nonfulfillment of orders and dispatch of substandard products.Originality/valueSustainable long-term relations between vendors and online marketplaces hold the key for such marketplaces to render error-free and delightful service on each individual order received. Seller experience of registering and operating on such e-marketplaces inspite of playing a defining role in vendor–marketplace relations has received scant attention of researchers, both in academia and industry till date. The present research is a seminal attempt to address this gap in marketing literature and offer additional know-how.

scholarly journals Validation of a brief scale to assess ambulatory patients’ perceptions of reading visit notes: a scale development study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e034517
Author(s):  
Julie A Wright ◽  
Suzanne G Leveille ◽  
Hannah Chimowitz ◽  
Alan Fossa ◽  
Rebecca Stametz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Scale Development ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Perceived Benefits ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Confirmatory Factor

ObjectivesTo develop and evaluate the validity of a scale to assess patients’ perceived benefits and risks of reading ambulatory visit notes online (open notes).DesignFour studies were used to evaluate the construct validity of a benefits and risks scale. Study 1 refined the items; study 2 evaluated underlying factor structure and identified the items; study 3 evaluated study 2 results in a separate sample; and study 4 examined factorial invariance of the developed scale across educational subsamples.SettingAmbulatory care in three large health systems in the USA.ParticipantsParticipants in three US health systems who responded to one of two online surveys asking about benefits and risks of reading visit notes: a psychometrics survey of primary care patients, and a large general survey of patients across all ambulatory specialties. Sample sizes: n=439 (study 1); n=439 (study 2); n=500 (study 3); and n=250 (study 4).Primary and secondary outcome measuresQuestionnaire items about patients’ perceived benefits and risks of reading online visit notes.ResultsStudy 1 resulted in the selection of a 10-point importance response option format over a 4-point agreement scale. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in study 2 resulted in two-factor solution: a four-item benefits factor with good reliability (alpha=0.83) and a three-item risks factor with poor reliability (alpha=0.52). The factor structure was confirmed in study 3, and confirmatory factor analysis of benefit items resulted in an excellent fitting model, X2(2)=2.949; confirmatory factor index=0.998; root mean square error of approximation=0.04 (0.00, 0.142); loadings 0.68−0.86; alpha=0.88. Study 4 supported configural, measurement and structural invariance for the benefits scale across high and low-education patient groups.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that the four-item benefits scale has excellent construct validity and preliminary evidence of generalising across different patient populations. Further scale development is needed to understand perceived risks of reading open notes.

Evaluating the elements of just in time (JIT) for implementation in maintenance by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Phogat ◽  
Anil Kumar Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Process Control ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Just In Time ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Production Improvement ◽  
Confirmatory Factor

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a model (structural equation modeling (SEM)) from the 16 identified just in time (JIT) elements useful for implementation of JIT in maintenance.Design/methodology/approachData were collected using questionnaires posted to 421 manufacturing industries and automotive service industries in India from which 133 usable responses were obtained. First, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is carried out to identify the factor structure after that confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is carried out to verify the factor structure of a set of identified JIT elements. CFA is conceded by an SEM statistical technique. In this paper, EFA is applied to extract the factors in JIT implementation by the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 24) software and confirming these factors by CFA through analysis of moment structures (AMOS 18) software.FindingsOut of 18 identified JIT elements through literature and expert opinion only 16 JIT elements are selected for the study, two JIT elements removed due to the low value of correlation item-total correlation (CITC). Three factors extracted through EFA, which affects the benefits of JIT implementation in maintenance in quality improvement, production improvement and process control. SEM using AMOS 18.0 was used to perform the first-order three-factor structure (quality improvement, production improvement and process control) of the JIT implementation in maintenance.Originality/valueThe results will be useful for maintenance managers and maintenance professionals to understand the process of implementation of JIT in maintenance and to gain benefits after the implementation of JIT in maintenance in their respective organization.

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