Brand luxury index: a reconsideration and revision

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jieun Kim ◽  
Kim K. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Scale Validation ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Luxury Brands ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Extended Self ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Verification Process ◽  
Group Interviews

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to improve the original Brand Luxury Index (BLI) developed by Vigneron and Johnson to provide a practical tool for assessing consumer’s perception of the luxurious of a brand. Design/methodology/approach – The original BLI was revised through three stages: an initial scale-item generation employing a qualitative method (i.e. focus group interviews), scale purification process using statistical techniques (i.e. exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)), and scale verification process using CFA. Data (249 for scale purification, 253 for scale validation) were collected with the help of E-rewards, a marketing research company. Findings – The modified BLI contains five dimensions (i.e. quality, extended-self, hedonism, accessibility, and tradition). The number of the dimensions remained the same as the original conceptualization (i.e. conspicuousness, uniqueness, quality, hedonism, extended-self), however, the contents of those dimensions differed. Practical implications – The modified BLI can be used to monitor and manage a prestige brand in the market place. Not only can marketers of prestige brands use the index to assess consumers’ perception of the luxuriousness of their brands but also to position their brand along the desired dimension of luxuriousness. Originality/value – The modified BLI can be used to measure marketing performance of luxury brands.

Homesickness: a comparative study of defense and civilian employees and individual differences

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naval Garg ◽  
B.K. Punia ◽  
Vanshikha Kakkar ◽  
Sarika Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Adjustment Problems ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Civilian Employees

Purpose Most of the studies in the field of homesickness are confined to students; this study aims to explore the feeling of homesickness among working professionals. Also, it tends to examine individual differences in the experience of homesickness across employees of different gender, ages, experience, family type, etc. The study also aspires to compare homesickness among military and civil employees. Design/methodology/approach The study explores five dimensions of homesickness, namely, missing family, missing friend, rumination about home, feeling lonely and adjustment problems. The collected data is subjected to reliability, validity and confirmatory factor analysis. Further, t-test and analysis of variance are used to explore homesickness differences across soldiers and corporate employees. Findings The study reveals that homesickness is significantly higher for employees in the male, unmarried, nuclear family, above the age of 45 years, and below the graduation category. Also, defense people experience more homesickness than civilian employees. Originality/value This study is one of the pioneer studies that compare homesickness among defense and civilian employees. Also, variables such as type of family, the experience of employees and marital status have hardly been explored in the literature of homesickness.

Naturalistic group interviewing in China

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giana M. Eckhardt ◽  
Anders Bengtsson
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Chinese Consumers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Interviews

PurposeThis paper and accompanying film demonstrate the techniques of using scenarios, breaching expectations, and using naturalistic groups as being especially appropriate for conducting qualitative marketing research in China.Design/methodology/approachThis study is used to investigate the social construction of brands in China and to demonstrate how to create naturalistic group interviews in China, and why it is beneficial to do so. A film footage of the various groups discussing the scenarios presented to them is presented so the viewer can observe the interactions between the group members.FindingsIn this paper, it is argued that only certain qualitative methods are appropriate in a Chinese context, due to various aspects of Chinese culture which de‐emphasize expressing one's thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and values openly. In the accompanying film, it is demonstrated how: presenting Chinese consumers with scenarios that they can relate to stimulates meaningful discussion; breaching people's expecations is what allows people to articulate underlying meaning systems; and conducting interviews in existing, naturally formed social groups, all lead to naturalistic discussions.Originality/valueAs marketing and consumer research becomes more global, the field of qualitative research needs to take a critical approach to the effectiveness of varying methodologies in varying cultural contexts. A first step in this direction is taken by outlining how and why particular qualitative methods are effective in China. Naturalistic group interviews can also be used in a wide variety of countries and cultural contexts when the construct of interest is the social dynamics of a consumption activity.

Customer perceptions of quality – a study in the SPA industry

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 657-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne Lagrosen ◽  
Stefan Lagrosen
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Service Quality ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Focus Group Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Customer Perceptions ◽  
Quality Dimensions ◽  
Group Interviews

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore dimensions of customer perceptions of factors important for a quality experience in the SPA industry and to assess service quality implications for these dimensions. Design/methodology/approach The empirical study involved seven Swedish SPA hotels. The first part was qualitative, consisting of seven focus-group interviews with hotel guests. In addition, service providers’ perceptions of customer quality were collected through seven quality cafés. The qualitative parts were analysed with the constant comparative technique from the grounded theory approach. Based on the findings from the interviews, a questionnaire was delivered to 400 randomly accessed women. The responses were analysed with exploratory factor analysis and cluster analysis. Findings The focus-group interviews showed that the customers’ perception of quality could be expressed in the following dimensions: physical effects, mental effects, pleasure and flexibility. The dimensions for customer quality seen from the staff’s perspective were treatments, climate and the SPA facility itself. The exploratory factor analysis defined the following underlying factors: enjoyment, treatments, practicality, fitness, cost and calm. The cluster analysis resulted in four groups of customer profiles: the more of everything group, the enjoyers, the savers and the fitness freaks. Research limitations/implications A limitation is that the study has only been carried out in one country. The main implication for research is a better understanding of quality dimensions and perceptions of service quality in the SPA industry. Practical implications The study provides a comprehensive insight into the dimensions of quality for SPA visitors. Moreover, four distinct groups of customers have been identified. This knowledge should be useful for SPA managers. Originality/value Only limited amounts of research have previously been carried out in the SPA industry. The paper provides a framework depicting perceptions of quality dimensions in SPA hotels.

Types of organizational innovativeness and success in Austrian hotels

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 1707-1727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Kessler ◽  
Christoph Pachucki ◽  
Katharina Stummer ◽  
Michael Mair ◽  
Petra Binder
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Hotel Industry ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Organizational Innovativeness ◽  
Different Types

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify different types of organizational innovativeness in Austrian hotels and analyze their connection to (innovation) success. In the face of growing international competition, innovation is becoming increasingly important for Austria’s hotel industry. A prerequisite for innovation is organizational innovativeness. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based on a quantitative survey of 255 Austrian hotel businesses with a minimum of five employees. Innovativeness was measured by three dimensions (willingness, ability and possibility to innovate) and success by five dimensions (overall performance: financial, market and employee-related success; innovation success: product and process innovations). Findings were obtained by combining an exploratory factor analysis with a cluster analysis. Findings – Factor analysis reveals five factors determining organizational innovativeness: “cooperation as trigger for change”; “acceptance of change”; “resource based scope for change”; “pluralism as trigger for change”; and “loose coupling and error-tolerance”. The cluster analysis identifies four types of hotels regarding organizational innovativeness indicating differences regarding the success dimensions: “potential innovators hindered by scarce resources and unsupportive structures”, “well-resourced conservatives”, “potential innovators hindered by a haphazard approach” and “cautious idea hunters”. On the whole, results show that a balanced configuration of organizational innovativeness combined with a cautious approach is connected with greater (innovation) success. Research limitations/implications – Key-informant and survivor biases have to be considered as all items in the questionnaire were evaluated by self-assessment of the hotel management and only successful hotels (in the sense of survival) were analyzed. One important implication is that (innovation) success depends on the system that enables it; therefore, organizational innovativeness is a precondition of successful innovations. Nevertheless, there is little research on organizational innovativeness in the service sector so far. Practical implications – This paper supports tourism businesses in understanding the concept of organizational innovativeness and its relation to (innovation) success. SMEs, which dominate the Austrian hotel industry, tend to focus on the financial aspect of innovativeness and, in general, do not consider the range of factors that constitute an organization’s innovativeness (willingness, ability and possibility to innovate) and the various outcomes. Originality/value – By combining organizational innovativeness and (innovation) success, the paper applies an important element of innovation theory to the Austrian hotel industry. The characterization of different types of hotels regarding organizational innovativeness and success enables a (self-) assessment for hotel businesses and the deduction of customized implications.

Employer brand scale development and validation: a second-order factor approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karnica Tanwar ◽  
Asha Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Work Atmosphere ◽  
Healthy Work ◽  
Order Factor ◽  
Employer Brand

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to conceptualise, develop and validate a scale to measure the employer brand from the perspective of existing employees. Design/methodology/approach The methodology entailed the compilation of a literature review and conduction of qualitative interviews to generate items. Five employer brand dimensions have been derived through exploratory factor analysis and further validated through confirmatory factor analysis by using a separate data of 313 employees. Also, the employer brand has been specified as a second-order factor that is determined by five first-order factors. Findings A final 23-item EB scale covering five dimensions of the employer brand has been developed. The dimensions identified are: a healthy work atmosphere, training and development, work-life balance, ethics and corporate social responsibility, and compensation and benefits. Also, the higher order measurement model suggests that employer brand is most influenced by the “healthy work atmosphere” dimension. These dimensions reflect the perceptions of existing employees regarding their organisation. The scale is found to be psychometrically sound for measuring the employer brand. Practical implications The scale is useful for both researchers and practitioners. A deeper insight into the dimensions may help managers to identify their impact on organisational outcomes like employee satisfaction, employee retention, commitment and productivity. Also, organisations can measure the perceptions of employees for identifying improvement gaps and developing effective attraction and retention strategies. The scale also provides researchers with a sought-after conceptualisation of employer brand. Originality/value The authors believe that the study is the first of its kind wherein the employer brand has been modelled as a second-order factor from the perspective of the existing employees.

A multi-dimensional approach to consumer motivation: exploring economic, hedonic, and normative consumption goals

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isak Barbopoulos ◽  
Lars-Olof Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Dimensional Approach ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Consumer Motivation ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Consumption Goals

Purpose – The purpose of the present research is to explore the (multi-) dimensionality of the highly influential gain, hedonic and normative master goals. Despite being important drivers of consumer behavior, few attempts have been made to incorporate these goals into a single measure. Design/methodology/approach – Across three studies, the dimensionality of the gain, hedonic, and normative master goals are explored (Study 1), confirmed (Study 2) and validated (Study 3). Findings – A structure of five distinct sub-goals emerged, which were shown to be related to the original higher-order goals: thrift and safety (related to the gain goal), moral and social norms (related to the normative goal) and instant gratification (related to the hedonic goal). These five dimensions were shown to have satisfactory convergent, discriminant and construct validity. Research limitations/implications – The present research shows that consumer motivation is multi-dimensional, and that a distinction should be made not only between higher-order utilitarian, hedonic and normative determinants but also between their corresponding sub-goals, such as social and moral norms. A multi-dimensional approach to consumer motivation should prove useful in standard marketing research, as well as in the segmentation of consumer groups, products and settings. Originality/value – The emergent dimensions encompass a broad range of research, from economics and marketing, to social and environmental psychology, providing consumer researchers and practitioners alike a more nuanced and psychologically accurate view on consumer motivation.

Examining the behavioral intention to participate in a Cash Waqf-Financial Cooperative-Musharakah Mutanaqisah home financing model

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 809-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Zaidi Md Zabri ◽  
Mustafa Omar Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Scale Validation ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Third Sector ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Intention To Participate ◽  
Financing Model

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the Malaysian homeowners’ intention to participate in the Cash Waqf-Financial Cooperative-Musharakah Mutanaqisah (CWFCMM) home financing model using rigorous scale validation procedures. Design/methodology/approach An adapted questionnaire with 26 items was administered to 382 academic and supporting staffs, postgraduate and undergraduate students in three states in Malaysia. The data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis with SPSS 21 and AMOS 21, respectively. Findings The results further support the parsimonious nature theory of planned behavior (TPB) with its three original construct of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control and an additional construct of perceived cost advantages of the CWFCMM Model. A validated TPB scale with 24 items measured can be proposed to be used as an evaluative tool to assess the level to which the homeowners are interested to participate in the CWFCMM Model. Research limitations/implications The modified TPB scale would also facilitate the identifications of factors that influence homeowners’ intention to opt for Islamic home financing (IHF) by non-bank Islamic financial institutions such as financial cooperative. Practical implications The CWFCMM Model aims to harness the potential synergy between third-sector economy players such as waqf and financial cooperatives in offering affordable IHF solution to potential homeowners. Social implications The CWFCMM Model may enable the Malaysian homeowners to enjoy a more affordable IHF solution, thereby, among others, reducing the purchase and monthly repayment affordability of Malaysians. Originality/value There is a dearth of Islamic financial services selection studies, especially within the non-banking, Islamic financial services milieu. The CWFCMM Model, which has been developed by the authors, enriches the limited literature on this subject matter. It will also add value to understand how the customers would react to an alternative IHF provider.

Multi-dimensional scale to measure destination food image: case of Korean food

2015 ◽  
Vol 117 (12) ◽  
pp. 2914-2929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunhee Seo ◽  
Nara Yun
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Scale Development ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Food Culture ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Complex Dimensions ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Food Image

Purpose – Given the increasing importance of food in tourist activities and destination choice, the purpose of this paper is to reveal a comprehensive measurement scale to evaluate the image of destination food, adopting procedures recommended by previous studies. Design/methodology/approach – The procedure in this study followed two steps: first, item generation including literature review and focus groups; and second, scale purification. Scale purification included exploratory factor analysis to derive an initial factor structure and reliability assessment and confirmatory factor analysis to test the theoretical factor structure and assess validity. Findings – The scale development procedure yielded five dimensions of destination food image: “food safety and quality,” “attractiveness of food,” “health benefits of food,” “food culture,” and “unique culinary arts.” Research limitations/implications – This study contributes to the food-related tourism literature by measuring destination food image based on scale development processes using both cognitive and affective elements. Practical implications – The results help practitioners understand the complex dimensions of destination food image and how destination marketing professionals can use this image to advertise a destination. Originality/value – This study has value in measuring destination food image through scale development processes and integrating both cognitive evaluations and affective evaluations.

Perceived information pollution: conceptualization, measurement, and nomological validity

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 705-722
Author(s):  
Qaisar Iqbal ◽  
Noor Hazlina Ahmad ◽  
Rashid Nawaz
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Information Quality ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Nature Of Information ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Nomological Validity

PurposeCurrently, employees are facing information explosion in the presence of disruptive information and communication technologies of industry 4.0. With the prevalent nature of information pollution, employees are suffering to process large volume of information in order to access quality information. The objective of present study is to develop a measurement scale of perceived information pollution in the context of workplace. Furthermore, this study aims to assess the nomological validity of the proposed construct.Design/methodology/approachThis study has employed a sequential exploratory mixed-method design to develop and validate the measurement scale of perceived information pollution. The population of the present study comprised of the employees who work in the operations and credit department of banking sector. The present study has used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to analyze data in AMOS.FindingsThe present study has developed the second-order measurement scale of perceived information pollution. The perceived information pollution comprises of five dimensions – accessible, intrinsic, contextual, representational, and distractive information pollution. This study has also confirmed the nomological validity of the information pollution in relation to employee's job satisfaction, work effort, and learning effort.Research limitations/implicationsManagement may employ the five dimensions as a benchmark in revealing polluted information as well as enhancing information quality through information processing.Originality/valueThis study has contributed to the literature of information management by providing a five-dimensional scale of perceived information pollution and confirming its nomological validity.

scholarly journals Making sense of customer service experiences: a text mining review

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Mahr ◽  
Susan Stead ◽  
Gaby Odekerken-Schröder
Keyword(s):  
Text Mining ◽  
Customer Service ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Five Dimensions

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to systematically review the concepts and theories underlying customer service experience (CSE) and its underlying five dimensions (physical, social, cognitive, affective and sensorial). In this research, the contribution of the sensorial dimension to CSE research is emphasized. Senses are especially important in forming perceptions within servicescapes that are typically rich in sensory stimuli. Design/methodology/approach This study systematically identifies 258 articles published between 1994 and 2018 in services and marketing journals. The analysis uses a text mining approach with the Leximancer software to extract research concepts and their relationships. Findings The results demonstrate a shift from CSE research focused on brands and products toward value and interaction, around three focal areas: service system architecture, with its value creation processes; servicescape, with an increasingly digital interaction interface and outcome measures, with a stronger focus on emotional and relational metrics. In CSE research, the physical, social and cognitive dimensions are mostly researched in the focal areas of servicescape and outcome measures. Although important in practice, the sensorial dimension is the least investigated CSE dimension in service marketing research. Text mining insights demonstrate rich opportunities for sensorial research, particularly in studies on servicescape. Practical implications The synthesis will inform managers and service providers which elements of CSE are most relevant to customers when forming perceptions. These insights help service providers to control, manage and design (multi)-sensory stimuli that influence how customers will make sense of the servicescape. Originality/value This research is one of the first studies to examine the conceptual structure of CSE with a text mining approach that systematically analyzes a large set of articles, therein reducing the potential for researchers’ interpretative bias. The paper provides an assessment of the role of the largely neglected but crucial sensorial dimension, and offers future research suggestions into this emerging topic.

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