Corporation financial distress prediction with deep learning: analysis of public listed companies in Malaysia

PurposeIn the previous study of financial distress prediction, deep learning techniques performed better than traditional techniques over time-series data. This study investigates the performance of deep learning models: recurrent neural network, long short-term memory and gated recurrent unit for the financial distress prediction among the Malaysian public listed corporation over the time-series data. This study also compares the performance of logistic regression, support vector machine, neural network, decision tree and the deep learning models on single-year data.Design/methodology/approachThe data used are the financial data of public listed companies that been classified as PN17 status (distress) and non-PN17 (not distress) in Malaysia. This study was conducted using machine learning library of Python programming language.FindingsThe findings indicate that all deep learning models used for this study achieved 90% accuracy and above with long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent unit (GRU) getting 93% accuracy. In addition, deep learning models consistently have good performance compared to the other models over single-year data. The results show LSTM and GRU getting 90% and recurrent neural network (RNN) 88% accuracy. The results also show that LSTM and GRU get better precision and recall compared to RNN. The findings of this study show that the deep learning approach will lead to better performance in financial distress prediction studies. To be added, time-series data should be highlighted in any financial distress prediction studies since it has a big impact on credit risk assessment.Research limitations/implicationsThe first limitation of this study is the hyperparameter tuning only applied for deep learning models. Secondly, the time-series data are only used for deep learning models since the other models optimally fit on single-year data.Practical implicationsThis study proposes recommendations that deep learning is a new approach that will lead to better performance in financial distress prediction studies. Besides that, time-series data should be highlighted in any financial distress prediction studies since the data have a big impact on the assessment of credit risk.Originality/valueTo the best of authors' knowledge, this article is the first study that uses the gated recurrent unit in financial distress prediction studies based on time-series data for Malaysian public listed companies. The findings of this study can help financial institutions/investors to find a better and accurate approach for credit risk assessment.

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A Seasonal Time-Series Model Based on Gene Expression Programming for Predicting Financial Distress

Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience ◽

10.1155/2018/1067350 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ching-Hsue Cheng ◽

Chia-Pang Chan ◽

Jun-He Yang

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Financial Distress ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Gene Expression Programming ◽

Attribute Selection ◽

Series Data ◽

Seasonal Time Series ◽

Financial Distress Prediction ◽

Proposed Model ◽

Distress Prediction

The issue of financial distress prediction plays an important and challenging research topic in the financial field. Currently, there have been many methods for predicting firm bankruptcy and financial crisis, including the artificial intelligence and the traditional statistical methods, and the past studies have shown that the prediction result of the artificial intelligence method is better than the traditional statistical method. Financial statements are quarterly reports; hence, the financial crisis of companies is seasonal time-series data, and the attribute data affecting the financial distress of companies is nonlinear and nonstationary time-series data with fluctuations. Therefore, this study employed the nonlinear attribute selection method to build a nonlinear financial distress prediction model: that is, this paper proposed a novel seasonal time-series gene expression programming model for predicting the financial distress of companies. The proposed model has several advantages including the following: (i) the proposed model is different from the previous models lacking the concept of time series; (ii) the proposed integrated attribute selection method can find the core attributes and reduce high dimensional data; and (iii) the proposed model can generate the rules and mathematical formulas of financial distress for providing references to the investors and decision makers. The result shows that the proposed method is better than the listing classifiers under three criteria; hence, the proposed model has competitive advantages in predicting the financial distress of companies.

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Assessment of Deep Learning Models for Human Activity Recognition on Multi-variate Time Series Data and Non-targeted Adversarial Attack

10.1007/978-3-030-78124-8_6 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 129-159

Author(s):

Mahbuba Tasmin ◽

Sharif Uddin Ruman ◽

Taoseef Ishtiak ◽

Arif-ur-Rahman Chowdhury Suhan ◽

Redwan Hasif ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Deep Learning ◽

Activity Recognition ◽

Human Activity ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Human Activity Recognition ◽

Series Data ◽

Learning Models ◽

Adversarial Attack

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Loss-Driven Adversarial Ensemble Deep Learning for On-Line Time Series Analysis

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11123489 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 3489

Author(s):

Hyungjin Ko ◽

Jaewook Lee ◽

Junyoung Byun ◽

Bumho Son ◽

Saerom Park

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Deep Learning ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Learning Algorithm ◽

Data Distribution ◽

Series Data ◽

Learning Models ◽

Classification Problems ◽

Ensemble Models ◽

On Line

Developing a robust and sustainable system is an important problem in which deep learning models are used in real-world applications. Ensemble methods combine diverse models to improve performance and achieve robustness. The analysis of time series data requires dealing with continuously incoming instances; however, most ensemble models suffer when adapting to a change in data distribution. Therefore, we propose an on-line ensemble deep learning algorithm that aggregates deep learning models and adjusts the ensemble weight based on loss value in this study. We theoretically demonstrate that the ensemble weight converges to the limiting distribution, and, thus, minimizes the average total loss from a new regret measure based on adversarial assumption. We also present an overall framework that can be applied to analyze time series. In the experiments, we focused on the on-line phase, in which the ensemble models predict the binary class for the simulated data and the financial and non-financial real data. The proposed method outperformed other ensemble approaches. Moreover, our method was not only robust to the intentional attacks but also sustainable in data distribution changes. In the future, our algorithm can be extended to regression and multiclass classification problems.

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Multivariate Time Series Data Prediction Based on ATT-LSTM Network

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11209373 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (20) ◽

pp. 9373

Author(s):

Jie Ju ◽

Fang-Ai Liu

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Deep Learning ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Mutual Influence ◽

Multivariate Time Series ◽

The Other ◽

Series Data ◽

Data Sets ◽

Learning Models ◽

Prediction Problems

Deep learning models have been widely used in prediction problems in various scenarios and have shown excellent prediction effects. As a deep learning model, the long short-term memory neural network (LSTM) is potent in predicting time series data. However, with the advancement of technology, data collection has become more accessible, and multivariate time series data have emerged. Multivariate time series data are often characterized by a large amount of data, tight timeline, and many related sequences. Especially in real data sets, the change rules of many sequences will be affected by the changes of other sequences. The interacting factors data, mutation information, and other issues seriously impact the prediction accuracy of deep learning models when predicting this type of data. On the other hand, we can also extract the mutual influence information between different sequences and simultaneously use the extracted information as part of the model input to make the prediction results more accurate. Therefore, we propose an ATT-LSTM model. The network applies the attention mechanism (attention) to the LSTM to filter the mutual influence information in the data when predicting the multivariate time series data, which makes up for the poor ability of the network to process data. Weaknesses have greatly improved the accuracy of the network in predicting multivariate time series data. To evaluate the model’s accuracy, we compare the ATT-LSTM model with the other six models on two real multivariate time series data sets based on two evaluation indicators: Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The experimental results show that the model has an excellent performance improvement compared with the other six models, proving the model’s effectiveness in predicting multivariate time series data.

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Generation of Time-Series Working Patterns for Manufacturing High-Quality Products through Auxiliary Classifier Generative Adversarial Network

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s22010029 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 29

Author(s):

Manas Bazarbaev ◽

Tserenpurev Chuluunsaikhan ◽

Hyoseok Oh ◽

Ga-Ae Ryu ◽

Aziz Nasridinov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Deep Learning ◽

Product Quality ◽

Time Series Data ◽

The Other ◽

Series Data ◽

Learning Models ◽

Generative Adversarial Network ◽

Adversarial Network ◽

Proposed Model

Product quality is a major concern in manufacturing. In the metal processing industry, low-quality products must be remanufactured, which requires additional labor, money, and time. Therefore, user-controllable variables for machines and raw material compositions are key factors for ensuring product quality. In this study, we propose a method for generating the time-series working patterns of the control variables for metal-melting induction furnaces and continuous casting machines, thus improving product quality by aiding machine operators. We used an auxiliary classifier generative adversarial network (AC-GAN) model to generate time-series working patterns of two processes depending on product type and additional material data. To check accuracy, the difference between the generated time-series data of the model and the ground truth data was calculated. Specifically, the proposed model results were compared with those of other deep learning models: multilayer perceptron (MLP), convolutional neural network (CNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), and gated recurrent unit (GRU). It was demonstrated that the proposed model outperformed the other deep learning models. Moreover, the proposed method generated different time-series data for different inputs, whereas the other deep learning models generated the same time-series data.

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A new weighted MSE loss for wind speed forecasting based on deep learning models

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-12899 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xi Chen ◽

Ruyi Yu ◽

Sajid Ullah ◽

Dianming Wu ◽

Min Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Deep Learning ◽

Wind Speed ◽

Loss Function ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Series Data ◽

Learning Models ◽

Wind Speed Forecasting ◽

Training Samples ◽

Forecasting Performance

Wind speed forecasting is very important for a lot of real-life applications, especially for controlling and monitoring of wind power plants. Owing to the non-linearity of wind speed time series, it is hard to improve the accuracy of runoff forecasting, especially several days ahead. In order to improve the forecasting performance, many forecasting models have been proposed. Recently, deep learning models have been paid great attention, since they excel the conventional machine learning models. The majority of existing deep learning models take the mean squared error (MSE) loss as the loss function for forecasting. MSE loss is linear. Consequently, it hinders further improvement of forecasting performance over nonlinear wind speed time series data. &#160;&#160; &#160; In this work, we propose a new weighted MSE loss function for wind speed forecasting based on deep learning. As is well known, the training procedure is dominated by easy-training samples in applications. The domination will cause the ineffectiveness and inefficiency of computation. In the new weighted MSE loss function, loss weights of samples can be automatically reduced, according to the contribution of easy-training samples. Thus, the total loss mainly focuses on hard-training samples. To verify the new loss function, Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) have been used as base models.&#160; &#160; A number of experiments have been carried out by using open wind speed time series data collected from China and Unites states to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new loss function with three popular models. The performances of the models have been evaluated through the statistical error measures, such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE). MAE of the proposed weighted MSE loss are at most 55% lower than traditional MSE loss. The experimental results indicate that the new weighted loss function can outperform the popular MSE loss function in wind speed forecasting.&#160;

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A Review on Deep Learning Models for Forecasting Time Series Data of Solar Irradiance and Photovoltaic Power

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13246623 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 6623

Author(s):

Rial A. Rajagukguk ◽

Raden A. A. Ramadhan ◽

Hyun-Jin Lee

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Time Series ◽

Deep Learning ◽

Hybrid Model ◽

Solar Irradiance ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Series Data ◽

Significant Finding ◽

Learning Models ◽

Evaluation Metric

Presently, deep learning models are an alternative solution for predicting solar energy because of their accuracy. The present study reviews deep learning models for handling time-series data to predict solar irradiance and photovoltaic (PV) power. We selected three standalone models and one hybrid model for the discussion, namely, recurrent neural network (RNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent unit (GRU), and convolutional neural network-LSTM (CNN–LSTM). The selected models were compared based on the accuracy, input data, forecasting horizon, type of season and weather, and training time. The performance analysis shows that these models have their strengths and limitations in different conditions. Generally, for standalone models, LSTM shows the best performance regarding the root-mean-square error evaluation metric (RMSE). On the other hand, the hybrid model (CNN–LSTM) outperforms the three standalone models, although it requires longer training data time. The most significant finding is that the deep learning models of interest are more suitable for predicting solar irradiance and PV power than other conventional machine learning models. Additionally, we recommend using the relative RMSE as the representative evaluation metric to facilitate accuracy comparison between studies.

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Load forecasting of refrigerated display cabinet based on CEEMD–IPSO–LSTM combined model

Open Physics ◽

10.1515/phys-2021-0043 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 360-374

Author(s):

Yuan Pei ◽

Lei Zhenglin ◽

Zeng Qinghui ◽

Wu Yixiao ◽

Lu Yanli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Deep Learning ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Load Forecasting ◽

Series Data ◽

Forecasting Model ◽

Combined Model ◽

Forecasting Accuracy ◽

Forecasting Method ◽

Consumption Reduction

Abstract The load of the showcase is a nonlinear and unstable time series data, and the traditional forecasting method is not applicable. Deep learning algorithms are introduced to predict the load of the showcase. Based on the CEEMD–IPSO–LSTM combination algorithm, this paper builds a refrigerated display cabinet load forecasting model. Compared with the forecast results of other models, it finally proves that the CEEMD–IPSO–LSTM model has the highest load forecasting accuracy, and the model’s determination coefficient is 0.9105, which is obviously excellent. Compared with other models, the model constructed in this paper can predict the load of showcases, which can provide a reference for energy saving and consumption reduction of display cabinet.

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Financial Information Asymmetry: Using Deep Learning Algorithms to Predict Financial Distress

Symmetry ◽

10.3390/sym13030443 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 443

Author(s):

Chyan-long Jan

Keyword(s):

Neural Networks ◽

Deep Learning ◽

Information Asymmetry ◽

Error Rate ◽

Financial Distress ◽

Prediction Models ◽

High Accuracy ◽

Financial Information ◽

Financial Distress Prediction ◽

Distress Prediction

Because of the financial information asymmetry, the stakeholders usually do not know a company’s real financial condition until financial distress occurs. Financial distress not only influences a company’s operational sustainability and damages the rights and interests of its stakeholders, it may also harm the national economy and society; hence, it is very important to build high-accuracy financial distress prediction models. The purpose of this study is to build high-accuracy and effective financial distress prediction models by two representative deep learning algorithms: Deep neural networks (DNN) and convolutional neural networks (CNN). In addition, important variables are selected by the chi-squared automatic interaction detector (CHAID). In this study, the data of Taiwan’s listed and OTC sample companies are taken from the Taiwan Economic Journal (TEJ) database during the period from 2000 to 2019, including 86 companies in financial distress and 258 not in financial distress, for a total of 344 companies. According to the empirical results, with the important variables selected by CHAID and modeling by CNN, the CHAID-CNN model has the highest financial distress prediction accuracy rate of 94.23%, and the lowest type I error rate and type II error rate, which are 0.96% and 4.81%, respectively.

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