A comparative analysis of agricultural research and extension reforms in China and India

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh Chandra Babu ◽  
Jikun Huang ◽  
P. Venkatesh ◽  
Yumei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
China And India ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Development Outcomes ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – There is growing interest from the global development community in the role of agricultural research and extension (AR & E) systems to achieve development targets. Despite this interest, many smallholders in developing countries continue to lack access to updated agricultural information and reliable services. In an effort to increase the effectiveness, impact, and reach of AR & E programs, many governments have attempted to reform their national systems. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This paper systematically compares the systems and reforms of AR & E in China and India in order to draw out lessons applicable to developing countries. This paper first reviews the existing literature on AR & E systems and their role in agricultural and economic development. The authors then provide a detailed review and comparative analysis of the reforms and approaches implemented in the AR & E systems of China and India. The authors apply this comparative analysis to draw out lessons that can be applied to inform the reformation of AR & E systems in developing countries. Findings – The authors find that although both countries face similar agricultural development challenges, each took a different approach in the reformation of AR & E to address these challenges. Each country’s approaches had different impacts on the effectiveness of the system. Lessons from the reformation of the AR & E systems in China and India can be used to inform and improve the impact of AR & E in developing countries. Originality/value – The paper examines two systems together using a set of common indicators and factors. The paper’s value comes from its usefulness in informing future AR & E reforms in other developing countries in order to increase the impact of these reforms on development outcomes.

Could CSR improve the financial performance of developing countries’ firms? Analyses of mediating effect of intangible resources

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Hamdoun ◽  
Mohamed Akli Achabou ◽  
Sihem Dekhili
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Intangible Resources ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This paper aims to examine the link between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and financial performance in the context of developing countries. More specifically, the mediating role of a firm’s competitive advantage and intangible resources, namely, human capital and reputation are studied. Design/methodology/approach The study considered a sample of 100 Tunisian firms. The analysis makes use of the structural equation modelling method to explore the relationship between CSR and financial performance, by including mediator variables. Findings The results confirm that CSR has no significant direct effect on financial performance. In particular, they indicate that the social dimension of CSR has a negative impact on performance. However, CSR does have a positive impact on competitive advantage via the two intangible resources considered, human capital and company reputation. Research limitations/implications The research fills a gap that occurred in the previous literature. In effect, previous studies focussed only on the direct link between CSR and financial performance. In addition, it enriches the limited literature on CSR strategies in the context of developing countries. However, further studies should explore the opposite relationship, i.e. the impact of financial performance on CSR strategy. In addition, the authors believe that amongst other potential research avenues, it would be interesting to study the moderating role of the activity sector. Practical implications From a practical point of view, this study suggests new applications with respect to the link between CSR and financial performance. To enhance their company’s financial performance, managers need to ensure that intangible resources are managed efficiently. Originality/value The paper contributes to the literature by examining how a firm’s intangible resources mediate between CSR and competitive advantage and how competitive advantage mediates between intangible resources and financial performance. Second originality is related to the study of the link between CSR and the financial performance of business organisations in the context of a developing country.

The role of audit committees in mitigating earnings management: evidence from Jordan

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taha Almarayeh ◽  
Modar Abdullatif ◽  
Beatriz Aibar-Guzmán
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Earnings Management ◽  
Audit Committee ◽  
Discretionary Accruals ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Audit Committees ◽  
Institutional Setting ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThis study examines the relationship between audit committees (ACs) and earnings management (EM) in the developing country context of Jordan. In particular, it investigates whether audit committee attributes, including their size, independence, expertise and meetings, are able to restrict discretionary accruals as a proxy for EM.Design/methodology/approachThe generalized least square (GLS) regression was used to study the association between audit committee attributes and discretionary accruals, as a proxy of EM, for a sample of industrial firms listed on the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) during the period 2012–2020. Data were obtained from the firms' annual reports.FindingsThe regression results indicate that audit committee independence is the only audit committee attribute that seems to improve the effectiveness of ACs, in that it is significantly associated with less EM, while other audit committee attributes that were tested do not show statistically significant associations.Research limitations/implicationsIn emerging markets, like Jordan, ACs may not be an efficient monitoring mechanism; therefore, it can be argued that the prediction made by the agency theory about the role of ACs in mitigating opportunistic EM activities does not necessarily apply to all contexts.Practical implicationsA better understanding of audit committee effectiveness in developing countries could help regulators in these countries assess the impact of planned corporate governance (CG) reforms and to better monitor and enhance the performance of ACs.Social implicationsIn a setting characterized by closely held companies, high power distance and low demand for high-quality CG mechanisms, this study contributes to understanding how this business system operates, and how improving CG mechanisms could be successful in such cultures.Originality/valueThis study investigates the under-researched relationship between audit committee characteristics and EM in developing countries. In so doing, it aims to provide new insights into this relationship within the developing context case of Jordan, including if and how the institutional setting influences this relationship.

Future of Egyptian female entrepreneurs post COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Doaa M. Salman Abdou
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Female Participation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Accelerate Development ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
The Impact

PurposeCurrently, COVID-19 delayed economic growth and forced many businesses to shut down. Both formal and informal entrepreneurs are trying to develop a way out to survive. To measure the impact of the current crisis it is important to consider that many females are unrecorded in the formal market due to their secondary jobs as housewives. This paper explores some of the determinants that contribute in the acceleration of the Egyptian female entrepreneurs (EFEs) to participate in the labour force.Design/methodology/approachThe Dynamic model can determine the link between EG and Egyptian female labour force participation (EFLFP) for the period between 1990 and 2019. The cointegration test provides an insight on the future path of the relation and the significant role of EFEs in the labour market.FindingsThe outcomes point out the existence of a positive significant impact by the EG on the EFLFP and a fluctuating relation between fertility rates and the EFLFP. The results support the literature and highlight the current challenges, as the EFLFP is minute due to the increase of EG. Taking into consideration that many female activities are unrecorded and official statistics only counts the monetarist economic activities and does not include the secondary and mandatory activities – delivered at house. Results provide guidance on setting the required strategies and policies to survive after the corona crisis.Research limitations/implicationsThe study cover only the time interval during 1990 and 2020. No available data before this interval.Practical implicationsEgyptian entrepreneurs is challenged with numerous obstacles difficulties such as lack of experience, shortages of finance, marketing channels and finally the pandemic. On ground many entrepreneurs depend on starting their business using a bootstrapping approach to overcome such obstacles and focuses on primary activities. In developing countries the importance role of female entrepreneurs needs to be disseminated as they can function efficiently from home and can balance between house commitment and the country commitments. Using technology can help in measure the female participation and foster their education to enter entrepreneurial activities and accelerate development and growth.Social implicationsIn developing countries the importance role of female entrepreneurs needs to be disseminated as they can function efficiently from home and can balance between house commitment and the country commitments. Using technology can help in measure the female participation and foster their education to enter entrepreneurial activities and accelerate development and growth.Originality/valueThe current study contributes to the new stream of empirical analysis that provides evidence of the role of EFEs in one of the highest population developing countries (Egypt) during the time of corona virus. Also, shows the impact of COVID-19 that forced EFEs to develop micro-businesses. Results point out to the minor role of EFEs in the formal economic activities and provide an insight on the required regulations and policies to accelerate EFEs. Female activities in the informal market that are unmeasured lead to underestimating the female contribution. As well, the indirect role of female at house is not included in the data.

Determinants of innovation outputs in developing countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Ghazal ◽  
Muhamed Zulkhibri
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Fertile Ground ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of innovation outputs proxied by number of patent applications, trademarks and industrial designs in developing countries. Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs a panel data and Negative Binomial method to analyse the main determinants affecting the innovation outputs. Findings – The results implicitly suggest that providing a fertile ground to attract more foreign direct investment (FDI) can lead to much better innovation outputs. The study also strongly supports the role of institutions and governance for increasing innovation activities in developing economies as indicated by positive impacts of governance factors in the model. However, the impact of economic freedom indicators on improving innovation outputs is mixed. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the existing literature in two ways: it examines the effect of FDI and research and development on innovation of selected developing countries; and the study uses a panel data approach to increase the accuracy of the results through exploiting the significant variations of innovation outputs across countries, while controlling for a larger number of innovation outputs and product determinants. To the authors knowledge, this is the first empirical study on the behaviour of innovation outputs for developing countries.

The impact of the economic crisis on media corruption: A comparative study in South and North Europe

2020 ◽  
pp. 174804852094275
Author(s):  
Theodora A Maniou ◽  
Elena Ketteni
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
The North ◽  
Global Economic Crisis ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Systems ◽  
The Impact

Although extensive research has been conducted into the role of the media in fighting corruption, media organisations and journalists themselves are not immune to it. The issue of corruption in the media remains understudied and has thus far mainly focused on case-studies of specific countries characterised by corruption as a core societal characteristic, as well as of under-developed and developing countries. This study focuses on the issue of media corruption in Europe, based on a comparative analysis between countries of the South and North, investigating the impact of the global economic crisis on media corruption. The research presents clear evidence of increased indications of media corruption in the North of Europe in comparison to the media systems of the European South, the area most affected by the global economic crisis.

Hospital-supplier integration and hospital performance: evidence from Saudi Arabia

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saad Alshahrani ◽  
Shams Rahman ◽  
Caroline Chan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Hospital Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Supplier Integration ◽  
Lean Practices ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moderating Role

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a comprehensive conceptual model for the impact of hospital-supplier integration on the overall performance of healthcare organisations. It also investigates the moderating role of lean practices between hospital-supplier integration and hospital performance. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 498 public and private hospitals in Saudi Arabia using a survey. Structural equation modelling was used for data analysis. Findings The results indicate that hospital-supplier integration has a positive impact on the hospital performance. These effects are even more notable when adopting lean practices in the hospitals. Research limitations/implications The data were collected from one developing country, namely Saudi Arabia. Thus, the findings may be relevant to the Saudi context but not those of other developing countries. Second, the data were collected from the hospitals’ end but not from the suppliers, so the latter’s perspectives on the themes covered here are not known. Future research may investigate the validity of the model in various developing countries whose healthcare systems have different characteristics, and the relationships between hospitals and their suppliers may follow different governance models. Practical implications The developed model and results will help hospitals in the Saudi health system to make better decisions on managing their logistics and supply partners. Originality/value This study extends the current research by developing a model that highlights the impact of hospital-supplier integration on the overall performance of healthcare organisations and tests this model to confirm its validity. To the authors’ knowledge, this study would be one of the first that uses both lean thinking and relational view of competitive advantage theory combined to examine the moderating role of lean practices on the inter-organisational relationships in Saudi Arabia.

The Role of Institutions in Generating Successful Legal Transplants: A Comparative Analysis of the Adoption of Competition Laws in India and Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-89
Author(s):  
Amber DARR
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Development Economics ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
Law And Development ◽  
Competition Laws ◽  
Globalized World ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn recent years, several developing countries have adopted regulatory laws to remain relevant in an increasingly globalized world and to make a successful transition from protected to market economies. Whilst developing countries and multilateral organizations supporting them are aware that in order to succeed adopted laws must be compatible with the context for which they are intended, there is less clarity as to the processes through which compatibility is generated. This article draws upon comparative law and development economics literature to argue that the compatibility of a transplant is shaped by the interplay of institutions through which it is adopted. The article also argues that in addition to compatibility, a transplant must enjoy a degree of legitimacy to be effective in the adopting country and the institutions which generate compatibility may also enhance such legitimacy. In order to understand the compatibility and legitimacy-generating potential of the interplay of adopting institutions in developing countries, the article examines and compares the adoption of competition laws by India and Pakistan in 2002 and 2007 respectively. The article also examines the impact of legitimacy on the post-adoption interpretation of competition law transplants and its significance for their implementation in either country.

scholarly journals Franchising and country development: evidence from 49 countries

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cintya Lanchimba ◽  
Hugo Porras ◽  
Yasmin Salazar ◽  
Josef Windsperger
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Infrastructural Development ◽  
Emerging And Developing Countries ◽  
The Impact

PurposeAlthough previous research has examined the role of franchising for the economic development of countries, no empirical study to date has investigated the importance of franchising for social, infrastructural, and institutional development. The authors address this research gap by applying research results from the field of sustainable entrepreneurship and highlight that franchising has a positive impact on economic, social, institutional and infrastructural development.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a fixed-effects model on a panel dataset for 2006–2015 from 49 countries to test the hypothesis that franchising positively influences various dimensions of country development such as economic social institutional and infrastructural development.FindingsThe findings highlight that franchising has a positive impact on the economic, social, infrastructural, and institutional development of a country. Specifically, the results show that the earlier and the more franchising systems enter a country, the stronger the positive impact of franchising on the country's economic, social, institutional, and infrastructural development.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has several limitations that provide directions for further research. First, the empirical investigation is limited by the characteristics of the data, which are composed of information from 49 countries (covering a period of 10 years). Because franchising is not recognized as a form of entrepreneurial governance in many emerging and developing countries, the available information is mainly provided by the franchise associations in the various countries. Hence, there is a need to collect additional data in each country and to include additional countries. Second, although the authors included developed and developing countries in the analysis, the authors could not differentiate between developed and developing countries when testing the hypotheses, because the database was not sufficiently complete. Third, future studies should analyze the causality issue between franchising and development more closely. The role of franchising in development may be changing depending on different unobserved country factors, economic sector characteristics, or development stages.Practical implicationsWhat are the practical implications of this study for the role of franchising in the development of emerging and developing economies? Because public policy in emerging and developing countries suffers from a lack of financial resources to improve the social, infrastructural and institutional environment, entrepreneurs, such as franchisors who expand into these countries, play an important role for these countries' development. In addition to their entrepreneurial role of exploring and exploiting profit opportunities, they are social, institutional, and political entrepreneurs who may positively influence country development (Schaltegger and Wagner, 2011; Shepard and Patzelt, 2011). Specifically, the findings highlight that countries with an older franchise sector (more years of franchise experience) may realize first-mover advantages and hence larger positive spillover effects on their economic, social, institutional and infrastructural development than countries with a younger franchise sector. Hence, governments of emerging and developing countries have the opportunity and responsibility to reduce potential market entry barriers and provide additional incentives for franchise systems in order to trigger these positive spillover effects. The authors expect that the spillover effects from the franchise sector on the economic, institutional, social and infrastructural development of a country are stronger in emerging and developing countries than in developed countries.Originality/valuePrevious research has focused on the impact of franchising on the economic development of a country, such as its growth of gross domestic product (GDP), employment, business skills, innovation and technology transfer. This study extends the existing literature by going beyond the impact of franchising on economic development: the results show that franchising as an entrepreneurial activity offers opportunities for economic, social, institutional, and infrastructural development, all of which are particularly important for emerging and developing economies. The findings of this study contribute to the international franchise and development economics literature by offering a better understanding of the impact of franchising on country development.

The Role of Research and Innovation in the Transformation of Agri-Food Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-63
Author(s):  
Mariana Sandu ◽  
Stefan Mantea
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Food System ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Determinant Factor ◽  
Rapid Transformation

Abstract Agri-food systems include branching ramifications, which connect in the upstream the input suppliers with farmers, and downstream farmers, processors, retailers and consumers. In the last decades, at the level of the regions, food systems have undergone rapid transformation as a result of technological progress. The paper analyzes the changes made to the structure, behavior and performance of the agri-food system and the impact on farmers and consumers. Also, the role of agricultural research as a determinant factor of transformation of agri-food system is analyzed. The research objective is to develop technologies that cover the entire food chain (from farm to fork) and meet the specific requirements of consumers (from fork to farm) through scientific solutions in line with the principles of sustainable agriculture and ensuring the safety and food safety of the population.

Impact of economic and financial crimes on economic growth in emerging and developing countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 910-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sani Abubakar Saddiq ◽  
Abu Sufian Abu Bakar
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Research Reporting ◽  
Financial Crimes ◽  
Emerging And Developing Countries ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of economic and financial crimes on the economies of emerging and developing countries. Design/methodology/approach Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and meta-analysis of economics research reporting guidelines were used to conduct a quantitative synthesis of empirical evidence on the impact of economic and financial crimes in developing and emerging countries. Findings A total of 103 studies were searched, out of which 6 met the selection/eligibility criteria of this systematic review. The six selected studies indicated that economic and financial crimes have a negative impact in emerging and developing countries. Originality/value To the best knowledge of the authors, no published systematic review of the impact of economic and financial crimes in developing countries has been conducted to date.

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