Manipulation of Barley Development and Flowering Time by Exogenous Application of Plant Growth Regulators

Matching flowering time to the optimal flowering period in Mediterranean cropping zones is pivotal to maximize yield. Aside from variety selection and sowing date, growers have limited options to alter development in season. Plant hormones and growth regulators are used in perennial horticultural systems to manipulate development and floral initiation. In this study, a range of plant hormonal products were tested to analyze their effects on barley (Hordeum vulgare L) development by exogenous spray applications. Plants were grown in controlled conditions under long and short photoperiods with different vernalization treatments. The gibberellin (GA) products demonstrated the greatest potential for altering development. The GA inhibitor trinexapac-ethyl was able to delay the time to flowering in genetically divergent barley cultivars by up to 200 degree days under controlled conditions. A similar delay in flowering could be achieved via application at both early (GS13) and late (GS33) stages, with higher rates delaying flowering further. Notably, trinexapac-ethyl was able to extend the duration of pre-anthesis phases of development. By contrast, GA3 was unable to accelerate development under extreme short (8 h) or long (16 h) day lengths. There was also little evidence that GA3 could reproducibly accelerate development under intermediate 10–12 h day lengths. In addition, sprays of the cytokinin 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) were unable to reduce the vernalization requirement of the winter genotype Urambie. The present study provides baseline data for plant growth regulator treatments that delay cereal development. These treatments might be extended in field studies to align flowering of early sown crops to the optimal flowering period.

Sosialisasi Peningkatan Pendapatan Rumah Tangga Kecamatan Talang Ubi Kabupaten Pali

The primary goal of Community Service (PKM) is to spread knowledge to the community surrounding the university where the professor is housed. Furthermore, the goal of Community Service (PKM) is to bring educational institutions closer to the community so that universities may help the government accelerate development activities and train high-quality development actors. Counseling and training are the goals of this Community Service (PKM) project in North Talang Ubi Village, Talang Ubi District, Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir Regency. In terms of socialization of growing household income, the goal is to raise public The primary goal of Community Service (PKM) is to spread knowledge to the community surrounding the university where the professor is housed. Furthermore, the goal of Community Service (PKM) is to bring educational institutions closer to the community so that universities may help the government accelerate development activities and train high-quality development actors. Counseling and training are the goals of this Community Service (PKM) project in Desa Talang Ubi Utara, Kecamatan Talang Ubi, Kabupaten Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir. In terms of the socialization of growing household income, the goal is to raise public awareness about how to increase household income and ensure that the benefits of this service are embraced by the residents of North Talang Ubi Village. With the socialization of increasing household income, the community can find out how to alternatively increase household income with the economic potential in the family. From the activities that have been carried out, several obstacles occur, including the low level of education, which impacts thinking patterns in overcoming problems of family economic constraints, lack of job opportunities/opportunities.

Combination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RS ratio and CFU improves the ability of murine efficacy experiments to distinguish between drug treatments

Murine tuberculosis drug efficacy studies have historically monitored bacterial burden based on colony forming units of M. tuberculosis in lung homogenate. In an alternative approach, a recently described molecular pharmacodynamic marker called the RS ratio quantifies drug effect on a fundamental cellular process: ongoing ribosomal RNA synthesis. Here we evaluated the ability of different pharmacodynamic markers to distinguish between treatments in three BALB/c mouse experiments at two institutions. We confirmed that different pharmacodynamic markers measure distinct biological responses. We found that a combination of pharmacodynamic markers distinguishes between treatments better than any single marker. The combination of the RS ratio with colony forming units showed the greatest ability to recapitulate the rank order of regimen treatment-shortening activity, providing proof of concept that simultaneous assessment of pharmacodynamic markers measuring different properties will enhance insight gained from animal models and accelerate development of new combination regimens. These results suggest potential for a new era in which antimicrobial therapies are evaluated not only on culture-based measures of bacterial burden but also on molecular assays that indicate how drugs impact the physiological state of the pathogen.

Promoting Access to Health Technologies in the Post-pandemic Era: Gavi, Global Fund, Unitaid, and Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator (ACT-A) Programs

Purpose: Global collaboration to accelerate development and equitable access to COVID-19 tests, treatments, and vaccines was launched with the name of the Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator (ACT-A), and this initiative owes its expertise to the lessons learned of the global health organizations. To date, the comprehensive mechanisms and potential effects of the initiative remain largely unknown. Methods: This study reviewed the programs of Gavi, the Global Fund, Unitaid, and ACT-A, which mitigating barriers to greater use of health technology with an analytic framework. Results and conclusion: The study findings are as follows. First, programs to alleviate the absence of necessary technology include the International Finance Facility for Immunization and Covax Facility. Second, Pooled Procurement Mechanism and Accelerated Order Mechanism are examples of mitigating the inability to access technology. Third, programs to overcome reluctance to adopt accessible technology include health system strengthening efforts such as the capacity-building health workforces. Further actions of Korea are needed to collaborate with the initiatives to enhance health outcomes.

POLICY EVALUATION OF REGIONAL EXPANSION AND DETERMINATION REGIONAL BOUNDARIES IN BANTEN AND WEST JAVA PROVINCE

The regional expansion is a way to accelerate development acceleration. In addition, regional expansion is the process of dividing an existing administrative area into two or more new autonomous regions. Regional expansion in Indonesia is carried out based on the Law of the Republic of Indonesia number 9 of 2015 concerning Regional Autonomy and Regional Government as a result of the second amendment to the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 23 of 2014. However, in the process of regional expansion in Indonesia, there are still some problems. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate government policies in regional expansion and determine regional boundaries in the provinces of Banten and West Java based on the laws in force in Indonesia. The method used in this research is the mix method, namely quantitative and qualitative. The data used are obtained from references and interviews related to regional autonomy policies, regional governments, and the determination of regional boundaries. The results of the evaluation, there are several factors that cause regional expansion, namely religious differences, ethnic and cultural differences, inequality in economic development in an area, and the size of the area. The formation of regional boundaries is carried out through 4 stages, namely Allocation, Delimitation, Demarcation, and Administration. One very important aspect of the implementation of regional autonomy is to merge regions with the hope of strengthening the relationship between local governments and local communities. In addition, it is hoped that there will be more intensive interaction between the community and the new local government, civil society will get better rights and obligations as citizens.

Planning maize hybrids adaptation to future climate change by integrating crop modelling with machine learning

Crop hybrid improvement is an efficient and environmental-friendly option to adapt to climate change and increase grain production. However, the adaptability of existing hybrids to a changing climate has not been systematically investigated. Therefore, little is known about the appropriate timing of hybrid adaptation. Here, using a novel hybrid model which coupled CERES-Maize with machine learning, we critically investigated the impacts of climate change on maize productivity with an ensemble of hybrid-specific estimations in China. We determined when and where current hybrids would become unviable and hybrid adaptation need be implemented, as well as which hybrid traits would be desirable. Climate change would have mostly negative impacts on maize productivity, and the magnitudes of yield reductions would highly depend on the growth cycle of the hybrids. Hybrid replacement could partially, but not completely, offset the yield loss caused by projected climate change. Without adaptation, approximately 53% of the cultivation areas would require hybrid renewal before 2050 under the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 emission scenarios. The medium-maturing hybrids with a long grain-filling duration and a high light use efficiency would be promising, although the ideotypic traits could be different for a specific environment. The findings highlight the necessity and urgency of breeding climate resilient hybrids, providing policy-makers and crop breeders with the early signals of when, where and what hybrids will be required, which stimulate proactive investment to facilitate breeding. The proposed crop modelling approach is scalable, largely data-driven and can be used to tackle the longstanding problem of predicting hybrids’ future performance to accelerate development of new crop hybrids.

Subclass and avidity of circumsporozoite protein specific antibodies associate with protection status against malaria infection

RTS,S/AS01 is an advanced pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine candidate with demonstrated vaccine efficacy up to 86.7% in controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) studies; however, reproducible immune correlates of protection (CoP) are elusive. To identify candidates of humoral correlates of vaccine mediated protection, we measured antibody magnitude, subclass, and avidity for Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) circumsporozoite protein (CSP) by multiplex assays in two CHMI studies with varying RTS,S/AS01B vaccine dose and timing regimens. Central repeat (NANP6) IgG1 magnitude correlated best with protection status in univariate analyses and was the most predictive for protection in a multivariate model. NANP6 IgG3 magnitude, CSP IgG1 magnitude, and total serum antibody dissociation phase area-under-the-curve for NANP6, CSP, NPNA3, and N-interface binding were also associated with protection status in the regimen adjusted univariate analysis. Identification of multiple immune response features that associate with protection status, such as antibody subclasses, fine specificity and avidity reported here may accelerate development of highly efficacious vaccines against P. falciparum.