Working Women in Japan

1986 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Employment Status ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Reward And Recognition ◽  
Part Time Work

Japan is perhaps the worst of the top industrialised nations in its treatment of its female labour force. Although some improvements have been made, discrimination still exists in all aspects of employment, particularly in opportunity, reward and recognition. Japanese women feel that the two most important avenues for achieving greater equality are self‐improvement and the realisation of changes in societal attitudes, whereas changes in the law are not felt to be so important. Recent trends in employment status, employment by industry and occupation and part‐time work as well as age and educational background as regards working women in Japan are examined. Legislation is briefly described. Understanding the situation in different countries is a prerequisite for gaining the broader perspective necessary for the achievement of universal equity and mutual global prosperity.

The Politics of Part-Time Work: Gender, Employment Status, and Preferences for Redistribution

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
David S. Pedulla ◽  
Michael J. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Employment Status ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Preferences For Redistribution ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Part Time Work

Abstract The social and economic forces that shape attitudes toward the welfare state are of central concern to social scientists. Scholarship in this area has paid limited attention to how working part-time, the employment status of nearly 20% of the U.S. workforce, affects redistribution preferences. In this article, we theoretically develop and empirically test an argument about the ways that part-time work, and its relationship to gender, shape redistribution preferences. We articulate two gender-differentiated pathways—one material and one about threats to social status—through which part-time work and gender may jointly shape individuals’ preferences for redistribution. We test our argument using cross-sectional and panel data from the General Social Survey in the United States. We find that the positive relationship between part-time employment, compared to full-time employment, and redistribution preferences is stronger for men than for women. Indeed, we do not detect a relationship between part-time work and redistribution preferences among women. Our results provide support for a gendered relationship between part-time employment and redistribution preferences and demonstrate that both material and status-based mechanisms shape this association.

scholarly journals Women’s Vulnerability to the Economic Crisis through the Lens of Part-time Work in Spain

2021 ◽  
pp. 095001702110012
Author(s):  
Valeria Insarauto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Transmission Mechanism ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Part Time Work

This article studies women’s vulnerability to the economic crisis of 2008 through the lens of part-time work in Spain. It posits that part-time work made the female employment position more fragile by acting as a transmission mechanism of traditional gender norms that establish women as secondary workers. This argument is tested through an analysis of Labour Force Survey data from 2007 to 2014 that examines the influence of the employment situation of the household on women’s part-time employment patterns. The results expose the limited take-up of part-time work but also persistent patterns of involuntariness and underemployment corresponding to negative household employment situations, highlighting the constraining role of gender norms borne by the relative position of part-time work in the configuration of employment structures. The article concludes that, during the crisis, part-time work participated in the re-establishment of women as a family dependent and flexible labour supply, increasing their vulnerability.

Married Women in Part-Time Employment

ILR Review ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Long ◽  
Ethel B. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Direct Measures ◽  
Part Time Work

This research deals with three aspects of the part-time employment pattern of working wives: (1) the wives' characteristics, (2) the level and structure of their earnings in part-time jobs, and (3) the duration of their employment when part-time jobs are available to them. This study improves upon previous research by using multivariate analysis to determine if the variation in the incidence of part-time work consistently found in other studies persists when earnings potential, fertility, family income, and other factors that may vary by age or race are held constant. It differs further by including a data source that contains direct measures of market wages and experience for a large sample of married working women. The authors find that husband's income, family size, and the wife's health, race, and previous work experience are among the variables that influence the probability that the wife works part time. They also find that the level of wages and returns to some investments in human capital are relatively lower in the part-time labor market but that there are similarities between the earnings structure of part-time and full-time jobs. They conclude that part-time work opportunities appear to increase the length of the working life of married women.

Gender gap in workforce needs a multipronged approach

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Flexible Work ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gender Parity ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Workforce Needs

Subject Workforce gender gap. Significance Globally, women remain much less likely to participate in the labour market than men. This is despite the dampening effect of low female labour force participation (LFP) on global GDP. Impacts Investment in care industries would substantially increase women’s LFP. Flexible work that removes distortions against part-time work will enable firms to retain and cultivate female talent. Corporate pledges to achieve gender parity in their workforce exceed their policy initiatives.

scholarly journals Part-time work and other occupational risk factors for suicide among working women in the Swiss National Cohort

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Wild ◽  
◽  
Nicolas Bovio ◽  
Irina Guseva Canu
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Occupational Risk Factors ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Part Time Work

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to describe the factors associated with mortality by suicide among working women focusing on work-related factors. Methods The study population consisted in all Swiss residents recorded in the 1990 and/or the 2000 compulsory national censuses and were linked to emigration and mortality registers. We selected all women aged 18–65 and at work at the official census dates. Following work-related variables were available: socio-economic status, weekly hours of work, the sector of activity and the job title coded according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO). The risk of suicide was modelled using negative binomial regression. Results The cohort comprised 1,771,940 women and 2526 deaths by suicide corresponding to 24.9 million person-years. The most significant non-occupational predictors of suicide were age, period, civil status, religion, nationality and geographical regions. Adjusted on these factors, part-time work was associated with increased suicide rates. According to job codes, health and social activities, in particular care-worker had the highest suicide risks. Conclusion Suicide among working women depended on work-related factors even taking into account other socio-demographic factors.

scholarly journals Dostosowanie sposobu organizacji czasu pracy do obowiązków rodzinnych w Polsce

2013 ◽  
pp. 59-79
Author(s):  
Anna Baranowska-Rataj ◽  
Maja Rynko
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Distance Work ◽  
Part Time Work

This paper presents a diagnosis of reconciliation of work and parenthood in Poland based on the data from the European Labour Force Survey ad hoc module “Reconciliation between work and family life” carried out in 2010. These data provide information on the following options of combining work with parenthood duties: (1) part-time work (2) flexible arrangements of working time (3) distance work. We compare the conditions for combining work with parenthood duties in Poland with opportunities observed in other European countries. We also show to what extent the conditions for reconciliation of work and parenthood in Poland have improved in time. We make an overview of legal regulations related to combining work with childcare duties and indicate the opportunities for improvement of these policies.

Cutting at the Wrong Edge: Gender, Part-Time Work and the Irish Retail Sector

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Tormey
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
National Level ◽  
Retail Sector ◽  
Women Employees ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
Sector Part ◽  
Part Time Work

Part-time work has often been championed as a mechanism for facilitating women's entry into the labour force. Research based on large scale surveys has theorised that employers and women employees can both benefit from part time work. Ethnographic research, on the other hand, has often focused more on the difficult working conditions for part time workers. This paper combines data from a quantitative survey carried out at national level and a locally based qualitative study to examine these issues. It shows that in the retail sector part time work does not just contribute to bringing women into the labour force. It also serves to marginalise them within the labour force. It also shows that forms of part time work being adopted are those most suitable to employers rather than those which might be of use to both employers and female employees. Finally, while women have often chosen to work part time, the conditions of part time workers studied are deteriorating.

Motherhood, Employment and the Development of Depression

1990 ◽  
Vol 156 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Brown ◽  
A. Bifulco
Keyword(s):  
Working Women ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Deviant Behaviour ◽  
Severe Event ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Part Time Work ◽  
Low Rate

A prospective inquiry of a largely working-class sample of women with children considers the effect of employment on risk of developing clinical depression. The hypothesis was that there would be a direct protective effect arising from employment once quality of other support was taken into account. In fact full-time working mothers were at high risk. This appeared to be explained by either prior work strain or a severe event involving ‘deviant’ behaviour on the part of husband/boyfriend or child. Neither factor was relevant for part-time workers. The severe events appeared to be particularly depressogenic for full-time workers because they represented either failure in the motherhood role or a sense of entrapment in an unrewarding work/domestic situation. However, those in part-time work had a low rate of onset compared with non-workers, and the difference appears to be related to non-working women feeling less secure about their marriages.

Why Is Female Labour Force Participation So Low in India?

Urbanisation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. S40-S57
Author(s):  
Deepaboli Chatterjee ◽  
Neelanjan Sircar
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Urban Employment ◽  
Agricultural Employment ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Impact

In this article, we analyse the reasons for low female labour force participation (FLFP) across approximately 14,000 households in the Indian urban clusters of Dhanbad, Indore, Patna and Varanasi. We argue that expectations placed upon women to carry out household duties generate incentives for them to largely seek part-time work near their homes, due to what we term as flexibility and proximity of work. While this characterises most agricultural employment, this is not true of urban employment. Using this framework, we argue that requirements to travel large distances for most jobs put prohibitive costs on women entering the labour market. To empirically test our claims, we conduct a survey experiment on the female respondents who are currently unemployed in our sample to elicit labour market preferences. Our results are striking—women are 12 to 23 percentage points less likely to express a preference for a suitable job if they have to travel one hour to work. The magnitude of these effects is far greater than the impact of the primary wage earner of the household losing their job or other family members assisting the woman in household duties. We conclude the article by discussing the implications for policy.

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