Employment protection and gender gap

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrizia Ordine ◽  
Giuseppe Rose ◽  
Gessica Vella
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Employment Protection ◽  
Large Firms ◽  
Labor Market Reform ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Firing Costs ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of more stringent Employment Protection Legislation on employment outflows and wages of women compared to those of men. Design/methodology/approach The authors exploit the Italian labor market reform of 1990 that raised firing costs for firms with less than 15 employees leaving unchanged existing rules for larger firms. The authors setup a natural experiment using this firm size threshold to examine if an increase of severance pay in small relative to large firms has a different impact on labor flows and earnings by gender. Using administrative linked employer–employee data, the authors find a significant reduced flow out of employment of women with respect to men in small relative to large firms after 1990. Findings The results also indicate a reduction of the gender wage gap after the reform of about 1.5 percent. These findings are statistically significant for women in fertility age and disappear if we consider older women. Originality/value The findings are consistent with the idea that employment protection may help in reducing gender disparities.

scholarly journals Employment protection and gender wage gap in Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiano Perugini
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Employment Protection ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Permanent Workers ◽  
Wage Disparities

In this paper we investigate gender wage disparities in 25 EU countries before and after the crisis, focusing on the role employment protection legislation played in shaping the gap across the wage distribution. Results of quantile regressions reveal a remarkable cross-country diversity in the size of the gap and confirm the widespread existence of glass-ceiling effects. Stricter rules for temporary contracts mitigate the gender gap, especially at the top of the distribution; stronger protection for permanent workers is found to increase the gap at the bottom of the distribution and to decrease it at the middle and at the top.

Women’s access to supervisory jobs and gender inequality

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 687-709
Author(s):  
Miguel Angel Ropero
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Switching Model ◽  
Wage Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects on the gender wage gap of women’s access to supervisory jobs within each establishment in the Spanish labor market. Previous empirical studies have found that promoting women to supervisory positions has decreased the wage difference between genders among workers beneath them. However, these studies did not take into account the endogeneity problem associated with job choice. Design/methodology/approach The author uses a switching model to control for this endogeneity problem under certain assumptions. Findings Using matched employer–employee data from a sample of 213,709 workers in the Spanish labor market, the author found that an increase in the proportion of women among supervisors within each establishment significantly widens the wage difference between genders. This study shows that the impact of an increase in women’s power within establishments may well be more limited than other empirical studies suggest. Originality/value The author will use the estimated correlations between unobservables to find out whether the most valued skills for being a supervisor and the skills that make a worker more productive in the workplace are substitutes or complements. Additionally, the author breaks down the effects of the gender composition of supervisory jobs on the wage gap into a direct and an indirect effect. The direct effect measures the impact of women’s representation among supervisors on the wage difference between men and women within the same job, whereas the indirect effect measures the impact of more women reaching supervisory posts on the wage gap induced by its impact on each type of gender segregation.

Wage formation and gender wage gaps: is there a role for job-task evaluation schemes?

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-290
Author(s):  
Rita Asplund ◽  
Reija Lilja
Keyword(s):  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gaps ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Technology Industry ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
White Collar Workers ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Job Task

Purpose – Both academia and policymakers express a strong belief in higher average education levels exerting a narrowing impact on wage inequality in general and gender wage gaps in particular. The purpose of this paper is to scrutinize whether or not this effect extends to R&D- and export-intensive branches such as the technology industry. Design/methodology/approach – In exploring the impact of individual and job-related background factors and, especially, of job-task evaluation schemes on the size and change in gender wage gaps in the technology industry, the paper applies an elaborated decomposition method based on unconditional quantile regression techniques. Findings – While changes in standard human capital endowments can explain little, if anything, of the growth in real wages or the widening of wage dispersion among the Finnish technology industry's white-collar workers, a new job-task evaluation scheme introduced in 2002 seems to have succeeded, at least in part, to make the wage-setting process more transparent by re-allocating especially the technology industry's female white-collar workers in a way that better reflects their skills, efforts and responsibilities. Practical implications – One crucial implication of this finding is that improving the standard human capital of women closer to that of men will not suffice to narrow the gender wage gap in the advanced parts of the economy and, hence, not also the overall gender wage gap. The reason is obvious: concomitant with rising average education levels, other skill aspects have received increasing attention in working life. Consequently, a conscious combination of formal and informal competencies as laid down in well-designed job-task evaluation schemes may, in many instances, offer a more powerful path for tackling the gender wage gap. Originality/value – While the existing evidence on the impact of performance-related pay on gender wage gaps is still scarce but growing the authors know of no empirical studies analyzing the gender pay-gap effect of job-task evaluation systems.

scholarly journals Employment protection legislation, labor courts, and effective firing costs

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan F. Jimeno ◽  
Marta Martínez-Matute ◽  
Juan S. Mora-Sanguinetti
Keyword(s):  
Employment Protection ◽  
Employment Protection Legislation ◽  
Firing Costs ◽  
Severance Payments ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn many countries, labor courts play a central role in the determination of firing costs by monitoring and supervising the procedures for dismissals, and, eventually, deciding severance payments mandated by the employment protection legislation (EPL). To get some insights about the impact of labor courts on effective firing costs, we explore a new database that contains information on labor courts’ intervention in firings before and after the implementation of significant EPL reforms modifying severance payments and procedures for dismissals. Our results suggest that labor court rulings on economic dismissals did not fully translate the reduction of firing costs mandated by the new EPL to effective firing costs.

The Effects of Employment Protection legislationon Personnel Policies: A Review of Theoretical Modelsand Empirical results

2014 ◽  
pp. 126-140
Author(s):  
O. Mironenko
Keyword(s):  
Personnel Selection ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Employment Protection ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
Labour Contracts ◽  
Hiring And Firing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Personnel Policies

Employers incur costs while fulfilling the requirements of employment protection legislation. The article contains a review of the core theoretical models and empirical results concerning the impact of these costs on firms’ practices in hiring, firing, training and remuneration. Overall, if wages are flexible or enforcement is weak, employment protection does not significantly influence employers’ behavior. Otherwise, stringent employment protection results in the reduction of hiring and firing rates, changes in personnel selection criteria, types of labour contracts and dismissal procedures, and, in some cases, it may lead to the growth of wages and firms’ investments to human capital.

scholarly journals Custody and Care of Children in Spain: Can the Two Rights be Reconciled?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Jabbaz Churba
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Parental Authority ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Judicial Process ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Children’S Voices ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis study aims to analyse the legal decision-making process in the Community of Valencia (Spain) regarding contentious divorces particularly with respect to parental authority (patria potestas), custody and visiting arrangements for children, and the opinions of mothers and fathers on the impact these judicial measures have had on their lives. It also considers the biases in these decisions produced by privileging the rights of the adults over those of the children. Three particular moments are studied: (1) the situation before the break-up, focusing on the invisible gender gap in care; (2) the judicial process, where we observe the impact of hidden gender-based violence and gender stereotypes; and (3) the situation post-decision, showing how any existing violence continues after divorce, by means of parental authority. The concept of ‘motherhood under threat’ is placed at the centre of these issues, where children’s voices are given the least attention.

Gender gap in innovation: an institutionalist explanation

2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 410-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inmaculada Carrasco
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Structural Equations ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Gender Perspective ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Innovative Behaviour ◽  
And Gender

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to contribute to knowledge on innovation from a gender perspective, and to investigate how environment affects the process of innovation by women. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical study uses a Structural Equations Model of a Partial Least Squared (PLS) technique. Data of 40 countries from around the world were collected from 2008. Findings – Institutional environment matters for innovative activity by women. An innovative thinking is required for integrating the gender perspective in innovative milieus in order to enrich, diversify and promote stronger innovation activities, mobilising unexploited opportunities for managers in the business sector, and for policy makers in the public one. Research limitations/implications – A new sex-disaggregated dataset will allow us to enlarge and improve upon this study. A longitudinal study would be extremely useful, but for the moment, there are no available data of this kind. Practical implications – Policies designed to reduce the gap for women in innovation activities have to fight against gender segregation in the job market and gender differences in education and training. They must increase flexibility in the workplace, provide more help to conciliate family and working lives, and reduce the gap in family responsibilities taken on by women. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the cross-over of knowledge between innovation and gender, and reduces the lack of information on how external factors may impact innovative behaviour by gender.

The impact of stereotyped perceptions of entrepreneurship and gender-role orientation on Slovak women’s entrepreneurial intentions

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Adamus ◽  
Vladimíra Čavojová ◽  
Jakub Šrol
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
Gender Role Orientation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Successful Entrepreneurs ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This study aims to investigate how congruence between the image of a successful entrepreneur and one’s own gender-role orientation affects entrepreneurial intentions (EI). Design/methodology/approach A total of 552 working-age adults (49.5% women) answered questions on gender-role orientation, perception of a successful entrepreneur, EI, antecedents of EI (perceived behavioural control (PBC), subjective norm (SN), attitude towards entrepreneurship), entrepreneurial self-efficacy and risk aversion. Findings Women reported a lower EI than men, and both male and female participants perceived successful entrepreneurs as masculine. In the final model, biological sex did not predict EIs. Rather, it was associated with the extent to which participants felt they resembled successful entrepreneurs, which, in turn, predicted greater levels of PBC, SNs and attitudes towards entrepreneurship, as well as greater EI. Originality/value The study is one of the first to study joint impacts of biological sex, gender and congruence on EIs.

scholarly journals Institutional determinants of regional diversity of labor market in Poland

Equilibrium ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Beata Woźniak-Jęchorek
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Institutional Perspective ◽  
Regional Diversity ◽  
Institutional Determinants ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

The article focuses on regional diversity of the Polish Labor Market from institutional perspective. The Polish Labor Market is geographically diverse in terms of unemployment and employment rates, and also in terms of economic development. At the end of 2013 the difference between the lowest and the highest unemployment rate in the Polish regions was 12.1% (Wielkopolska located in the West Poland has unemployment rate of 9.6% and Warmia - Mazury in the East has unemployment of 21.7%). The question arises whether this difference comes from the structural or institutional sources. The paper describe the character of Polish Labor Market, whereas in the second part, it traces the impact of institutional variables such as real wage, Kaitz index and Gender gap on the regional unemployment rate in 2002–2012 in Poland.

The effect of partner buffering on the risk of unemployment in Finland

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (11/12) ◽  
pp. 982-1007
Author(s):  
Oxana Krutova ◽  
Pertti Koistinen ◽  
Tapio Nummi
Keyword(s):  
Sociological Theory ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Employment Protection ◽  
Active Labour Market Policy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dual Earner ◽  
Partner Effect ◽  
Unemployment Risk ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to outline the study to determine whether the dual earner model better offsets the actual risk of unemployment compared to other household models.Design/methodology/approachThe authors linked the partner effect (household type) with macroeconomic institutional settings, such as employment protection, the active labour market policy, economic growth rate and globalisation, to study how these micro- and macro-level factors influence the unemployment risk of individuals.FindingsUsing European Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) microdata for Finland from 2005 to 2013 and a multilevel modelling technique, the authors found that the partner effect is an important regulator of unemployment risks, but the effect is modified by institutional factors. Dual earners and breadwinners experience a less significant effect from employment protection legislation regulation and other external factors on the increase or decrease in unemployment risk compared to singles. The authors also found that unemployed singles are more exposed and vulnerable to fluctuations caused by economic events.Originality/valueIn this way, this paper contributes to the sociological theory of labour markets and a better understanding of how different household types buffer and mediate the risks of unemployment. The authors used the EU-LFS and novel multilevel analysis statistical solutions to determine the impact of macro- and micro-level factors. The case of Finland may also be of broader interest to researchers and policy-makers because of the long and strong tradition of the dual earner employment pattern and strong macro-economic fluctuations.

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