Gender gap in innovation: an institutionalist explanation

2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 410-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inmaculada Carrasco
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Structural Equations ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Gender Perspective ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Innovative Behaviour ◽  
And Gender

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to contribute to knowledge on innovation from a gender perspective, and to investigate how environment affects the process of innovation by women. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical study uses a Structural Equations Model of a Partial Least Squared (PLS) technique. Data of 40 countries from around the world were collected from 2008. Findings – Institutional environment matters for innovative activity by women. An innovative thinking is required for integrating the gender perspective in innovative milieus in order to enrich, diversify and promote stronger innovation activities, mobilising unexploited opportunities for managers in the business sector, and for policy makers in the public one. Research limitations/implications – A new sex-disaggregated dataset will allow us to enlarge and improve upon this study. A longitudinal study would be extremely useful, but for the moment, there are no available data of this kind. Practical implications – Policies designed to reduce the gap for women in innovation activities have to fight against gender segregation in the job market and gender differences in education and training. They must increase flexibility in the workplace, provide more help to conciliate family and working lives, and reduce the gap in family responsibilities taken on by women. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the cross-over of knowledge between innovation and gender, and reduces the lack of information on how external factors may impact innovative behaviour by gender.

scholarly journals Skilled immigrant women's career trajectories during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciara Nardon ◽  
Amrita Hari ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Liam P.S. Hoselton ◽  
Aliya Kuzhabekova
Keyword(s):  
Job Search ◽  
Immigrant Women ◽  
Work Experiences ◽  
Career Trajectory ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Skilled Immigrant

PurposeDespite immigrant-receiving countries' need for skilled professionals to meet labour demands, research suggests that many skilled migrants undergo deskilling, downward career mobility, underemployment, unemployment and talent waste, finding themselves in low-skilled occupations that are not commensurate to their education and experience. Skilled immigrant women face additional gendered disadvantages, including a disproportionate domestic burden, interrupted careers and gender segmentation in occupations and organizations. This study explores how the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic impacted skilled newcomer women's labour market outcomes and work experiences.Design/methodology/approachThe authors draw on 50 in-depth questionnaires with skilled women to elaborate on their work experiences during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.FindingsThe pandemic pushed skilled immigrant women towards unemployment, lower-skilled or less stable employment. Most study participants had their career trajectory delayed, interrupted or reversed due to layoffs, decreased job opportunities and increased domestic burden. The pandemic's gendered nature and the reliance on work-from-home arrangements and online job search heightened immigrant women's challenges due to limited social support and increased family responsibilities.Originality/valueThis paper adds to the conversation of increased integration challenges under pandemic conditions by contextualizing the pre-pandemic literature on immigrant work integration to the pandemic environment. Also, this paper contributes a better understanding of the gender dynamics informing the COVID-19 socio-economic climate.

scholarly journals Application of a gender perspective in tourism research: a theoretical and practical approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-270
Author(s):  
Cristina Figueroa-Domecq ◽  
Mónica Segovia-Perez
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Feminist Studies ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Gender Perspective ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Industry Research ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Further Development

Purpose This paper aims to present a conceptual model that identifies and relates the different approaches and thematic areas in the research area of tourism and gender. Design/methodology/approach The design of the conceptual model is based on a critical review of the literature and the evolution of feminist paradigms and theories. Findings The aforementioned theoretical frameworks are the basis for the further development of feminist studies and a gender perspective in the tourism industry research area, including research design, objectives, methodologies, analysis and result’s presentation. Research limitations/implications Based on literature review, is theoretical. Originality/value Presentation of a conceptual model around the gender perspective in tourism, that leads to the identification of important research opportunities in this area.

scholarly journals Lucky to reach the top?

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 541-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Lundsgaard Ottsen
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Achievement Motivation ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Middle Eastern Women ◽  
Low Expectations ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Middle Easterners

Purpose As organizations aim to become increasingly diverse, it is important to understand how perspectives of potential future leaders vary across culture and gender. This study aims to advance the understanding of the persistent gender gap in management. Design/methodology/approach Samples from the gender-segregated Qatar and the co-ed Denmark present a unique opportunity to investigate the potential effects of gender. Here, 115 Middle Easterners and 121 Scandinavians rated perceived importance of job-related skills, networking upward and serendipity in leadership acquisition. Findings Effects of gender showed that compared to men, women across cultures expected that serendipity has less to do with leadership acquisition. Middle Eastern women also showed low expectations regarding networking with people in powerful positions. Nevertheless, both genders showed conviction of meritocracy by rating job-related skills as the most important factor in leadership acquisition. Cross-culturally, Scandinavians presumed job-related skills to be more important than Middle Easterners. Research limitations/implications Despite meritocracy beliefs, it appears that gender differences in perceived possibility of leadership acquisition contribute to the gender gap in management. Scandinavian women relied more on networking than Middle Eastern women, but still lacked faith in serendipitous opportunities compared to male peers. Perceived luck enhances achievement motivation. If men rely more on luck than women, then they are more confident in succeeding and more ambitious about pursuit of leadership. Women’s lack of faith in serendipity might affect their career ambitions negatively even in societies emphasizing equality. Originality/value This is the first study that directly focuses on gender differences in perception of opportunities for leadership acquisition through serendipity.

Women in STEM/SET: gender gap research review of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) – a meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Patterson ◽  
Damodharan Sowmya Varadarajan ◽  
Beena Saji Salim
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Women In Science ◽  
Research Review ◽  
Women In Stem ◽  
Stem Careers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
And Gender

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to conduct a meta-analysis of existing research on gender discrimination/gender gap and women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) in the UAE, specifically, and Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries in general because of very limited number of articles published on the subject. It will give future researchers insights into the topics, methodologies and findings of such research from 1999–2019. Design/methodology/approach This study conducts a meta-analysis of 72 articles using the Wildcard operator search method and the Boolean operator to perform an integrative literature search related to gender discrimination studies done in relationship to or specific to the UAE. Findings In total, 88 papers related to the UAE and gender gap and women were identified. The articles were narrowed down to the ones published in high-ranked or Scopus journals (72). The findings suggest a decreasing trend in gender discrimination, but the issue still persists, requiring efforts from policy-makers, society and government to ensure gender parity is achieved. Academic research on women in STEM/SET workplace, specific to the UAE and the region, continue to slowly advance, with very few articles published in the same. Practical implications The study provides insights into gender gap research done in the past ten years specific to the UAE national women and gender gap in general and their career choices and prospects in the STEM/SET domain. Social implications There is a need to focus research on Emirati women in STEM careers to develop more insights into gender gap perceptions of Emirati women and identify challenges and methods to close the gender gap in STEM careers. Originality/value This paper brings a holistic perspective to the meta-analysis of research on the gender gap and women in the UAE’s STEM domain.

Czech copreneur orientations to business and family responsibilities

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Jurik ◽  
Alena Křížková ◽  
Marie Pospíšilová (Dlouhá)
Keyword(s):  
Gender Norms ◽  
Male Partner ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Female Partners ◽  
Employment Conditions ◽  
State Taxation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Business Family

Purpose This paper aims to utilize a mixed-embeddedness approach to examine how state welfare policies, employment conditions and gender norms shape orientations to divisions of business and domestic labor among Czech copreneurs, i.e. romantic couples involved in businesses together. Design/methodology/approach Twelve copreneur couples were interviewed; male and female partners were interviewed separately. Women’s narratives are centered in analyzing motivations for business, divisions of labor, orientation to business/family and state policies. After detailing women’s orientations, correspondence with male partner orientations is considered. Findings Analysis reveals how state policies, employment conditions and gender norms inform copreneur narratives about business and family life in the Czech Republic. Female respondents expressed three orientations: business as opportunity, business for family and business/home as teamwork. Women tended both business and family, whereas most male partners focused exclusively on business. Research limitations/implications Although the small, purposive sample was not representative of all Czech copreneurs, findings detail how social context frames business/family dynamics. Practical implications This mixed-embeddedness perspective demonstrates how gender norms, state taxation and welfare shape the organization of Czech copreneurships and can support or discourage women’s entrepreneurship. Social implications Mechanisms producing gender inequality in copreneur businesses are revealed. Originality/value Findings identify connections between female copreneur business/family orientations and the context of gender regimes, state policy and employment practices in a post-socialist country. Also revealed are changing orientations across family and business stages.

Moving on the connectivity continuum: performing gender in times of constant connectivity

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 526-543
Author(s):  
Isabell Loeschner
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Family Balance ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Work Family ◽  
Depth Interviews

Purpose Given the reality of expectations of constant connectivity with work anytime, anywhere, this paper aims to investigate the gendered implications of these new expectations in the workplace focusing on the gender gap in work connectivity as well as the reasons behind it. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on a large cross-national mixed methods study, using a quantitative survey within one multinational technology company (N = 7,256) and 69 in-depth interviews with female employees from five different countries all employed by the case study organization, exploring the extent and reasons behind the gender gap in work connectivity. Findings New communication technologies enable us to work temporally and spatially flexibly by providing us the opportunity for constant work connectivity from anywhere, anytime. This paper finds that women across a diverse set of cultural backgrounds reject the possibility for work connectivity significantly more often than their male peers leading to a gender gap in connectivity and it brings to the fore how and why women negotiate their level of connectivity as they do. Originality/value This study contributes to the existing work-family-balance and gender workplace study literatures by statistically and qualitatively expanding our knowledge on the gender gap in work connectivity across multiple countries and cultural contexts and by dismantling a further mechanism that leads to the glass ceiling.

Social entrepreneurship competency: an approach by discipline and gender

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Carlos Vázquez-Parra ◽  
Abel García-González ◽  
María Soledad Ramírez-Montoya
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Architecture And Design ◽  
University Training

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyze how university men and women in different disciplines of study in Mexico perceive social entrepreneurship competencies, using a multifactorial analysis to find possible areas of opportunity to reduce the gender gap in social-entrepreneurship-project proposals.Design/methodology/approachThis is a quantitative study with a validated questionnaire that records the perception levels of five social entrepreneurship subcompetencies. The survey, which includes 28 indicators, was applied to 140 university students from different disciplines. Hypothesis testing was applied to identify significant differences between men and women in each subcompetency by disciplinary area.FindingsIn the global sample, significant differences by gender were observed only in the social value subcompetency. In the disciplinary analysis, significant differences were found in architecture and design, business, and engineering and science.Research limitations/implicationsThe questionnaire only gathered data about the students' perceptions. To the extent that perception is triangulated with other instruments, it is possible to increase knowledge regarding how to train in social entrepreneurship.Practical implicationsThe results can be useful for university training and increasing the envisioning and formulating of government projects by young people who create new businesses.Originality/valueThis research contributes to the literature on the role of gender-specific perceptions of social entrepreneurship in Mexico.

Employment protection and gender gap

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrizia Ordine ◽  
Giuseppe Rose ◽  
Gessica Vella
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Employment Protection ◽  
Large Firms ◽  
Labor Market Reform ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Firing Costs ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of more stringent Employment Protection Legislation on employment outflows and wages of women compared to those of men. Design/methodology/approach The authors exploit the Italian labor market reform of 1990 that raised firing costs for firms with less than 15 employees leaving unchanged existing rules for larger firms. The authors setup a natural experiment using this firm size threshold to examine if an increase of severance pay in small relative to large firms has a different impact on labor flows and earnings by gender. Using administrative linked employer–employee data, the authors find a significant reduced flow out of employment of women with respect to men in small relative to large firms after 1990. Findings The results also indicate a reduction of the gender wage gap after the reform of about 1.5 percent. These findings are statistically significant for women in fertility age and disappear if we consider older women. Originality/value The findings are consistent with the idea that employment protection may help in reducing gender disparities.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurial activities in a developing country: an institutional theory perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emiel L. Eijdenberg ◽  
Neil A. Thompson ◽  
Karen Verduijn ◽  
Caroline Essers
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Institutional Perspective ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Familial Support ◽  
Entrepreneurial Strategies ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

PurposeEntrepreneurship research in the context of developing countries has typically investigated the ways in which culture, politics or economic institutions prohibit or enable entrepreneurial activities using macro-level surveys and deductive designs. In contrast, the purpose of this paper is to take a micro-institutional perspective to study these three institutions influencing entrepreneurial activities in such a context.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis is based on inductive, qualitative field data from a challenging institutional environment, Tanzania. This includes two focus groups, one with experts and one with entrepreneurs; and 24 individual interviews with entrepreneurs.FindingsEntrepreneurial activities in Tanzania are not constrained only by bureaucracy and arbitrary enforcement, access to capital, competition and consumer spending, but also by language barriers, negative media portrayals and gender disparity. In their favour, recent trade policy, opening up of borders and changing gender relations, has led to more opportunities, but just as important are traditional festivals, marital gift-giving and familial support. Entrepreneurs respond to institutional constraints in many creative ways, including undertaking entrepreneurial strategies, developing inner strength, joining associations, giving back to communities and skilfully managing relations with authorities.Originality/valueThe fine-grained discussion of the findings of this study specifically contributes to theory by illustrating the constraining and enabling role of under-represented institutions, such as festivals and marriages, as well as entrepreneurial creative responses that define everyday entrepreneurial life in a developing country.

scholarly journals The Influence of Embeddedness on Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Strategy: A Gender Perspective in the Agri-Food Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 9384
Author(s):  
Gina Santos ◽  
Carla Marques ◽  
João Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Measurement Instrument ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Food Sector ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Gender Perspective ◽  
Innovative Behaviour ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Individual

This study aims to identify the antecedents of entrepreneurial activity in the agri-food sector of the Portuguese region of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (TMAD), taking into account a gender perspective. Thus, we intend to assess whether the environment influences embeddedness, and whether embeddedness, individual entrepreneurial orientation, innovative behaviour and gender impact or influence the perceptions of feasibility and desirability as antecedents of entrepreneurial activity of entrepreneurs in the agri-food sector of the TMAD region. The measurement instrument was applied to 249 firms in the agri-food sector, created in the last 5 years. A model was conceptualised where the relationships between the constructs relating to embeddedness, IEO and EI were presented, and three control variables were subsequently added: the innovative behaviour, the environment and gender. Univariate and multivariate statistical techniques, such as structural equation modelling, were used to assess the proposed conceptual model. Thus, considering the complexity of the model under study, we performed an analysis which considered personal factors or characteristics, such as innovative behaviour, gender and IEO, as these are characteristics of the individual and may be influenced or shaped by external factors such as the context, i.e., the environment and embeddedness.

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