Using downside risk in evaluating the performance of Malaysian mutual funds

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Tavakoli Baghdadabad ◽  
Masood Fooladi
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Mutual Funds ◽  
Systematic Risk ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Downside Risk ◽  
High Rank ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Market Asymmetry

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide the modified measures of risk-adjusted performance evaluation of Malaysian mutual funds using the downside risk concepts, and promote the ability of managers and investors in making logical decisions under the market asymmetry condition. Design/methodology/approach – This study focusses on the performance evaluation of Malaysian mutual funds using eight modified measures of Sharpe, Treynor, M2, Jensen’s α, information ratio (IR), MSR, SPI, and leverage factor. These modified measures use the downside systematic risk and semi-standard deviation instead of systematic risk and conventional standard deviation, respectively, to evaluate the performance of Malaysian mutual funds over the period 2000-2011. Findings – The results indicate that the conventional measures of performance evaluation do not have a crucial influence on the relative evaluation of mutual funds. Three modified measures of Sharpe, Treynor, and M2 have a high correlation with the conventional Sharpe measure and can be used instead of the conventional Sharpe measure. Since, two modified measures of Treynor and M2 display a high rank correlation coefficient with the conventional Treynor measure, they can be replaced with this traditional measure. In addition, two modified IR and MSR measures along with the modified SPI and conventional SPI show very high rank correlation coefficients in relation to each other. The results also document a modified leverage factor less than one for all funds. It can be concluded that the strategy of un-levering the investor’s holding must be followed. Practical implications – The empirical evidence of this study can be utilized as inputs in the process of decision-making by different types of investors who are interested in participating especially in Malaysian stock market and generally in global stock market under the market asymmetry condition. Originality/value – The contribution of this study is to modify five measures of M2, IR, MSR, FPI, and leverage factor in the downside risk framework which is a work on a rather under-researched area.

scholarly journals Downside systematic risk in Pakistani stock market: role of corporate governance, financial liberalization and investor sentiment

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahzad Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Akbar ◽  
Qaisar Ali Malik ◽  
Tanveer Ahmad ◽  
Nasir Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Financial Liberalization ◽  
Investor Sentiment ◽  
Systematic Risk ◽  
Downside Risk ◽  
Market Volatility ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of corporate governance, investor sentiment and financial liberalization on downside systematic risk and the interplay of socio-political turbulence on this relationship through static and dynamic panel estimation models. Design/methodology/approach The evidence is based on a sample of 230 publicly listed non-financial firms from Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) over the period 2008–2018. Furthermore, this study analyzes the data through Blundell and Bond (1998) technique in the full sample as well sub-samples (big and small firms). Findings The authors document that corporate governance mechanism reduces the downside risk, whereas investor sentiment and financial liberalization increase the investors’ exposure toward downside risk. Particularly, the results provide some new insights that the socio-political turbulence as a moderator weakens the impact of corporate governance and strengthens the effect of investor sentiment and financial liberalization on downside risk. Consistent with prior studies, the analysis of sub-samples reveals some statistical variations in large and small-size sampled firms. Theoretically, the findings mainly support agency theory, noise trader theory and the Keynesians hypothesis. Originality/value Stock market volatility has become a prime area of concern for investors, policymakers and regulators in emerging economies. Primarily, the existence of market volatility is attributed to weak governance, irrational behavior of market participants, the liberation of financial policies and sociopolitical turbulence. Therefore, the present study provides simultaneous empirical evidence to determine whether corporate governance, investor sentiment and financial liberalization hinder or spur downside risk in an emerging economy. Furthermore, the work relates to a small number of studies that examine the role of socio-political turbulence as a moderator on the relationship of corporate governance, investor sentiment and financial liberalization with downside systematic risk.

scholarly journals The Islamic Shariah principles for investment in stock market

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Mahmudul Alam ◽  
Chowdhury Shahed Akbar ◽  
Shawon Muhammad Shahriar ◽  
Mohammad Monzur Elahi
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Mutual Funds ◽  
Financial Crises ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Failure To Protect

PurposeBecause of chronic financial crises experienced during past several decades repeatedly and a failure to protect investors’ rights as a result, the world is looking for an alternative form of stock market for quite some time so that interests of all relevant stakeholders can be safeguarded. At the same time, from the perspectives of devout Muslims, the current form of stock market restricts a Muslim to make investments in the market because of several unsatisfying provisions from the viewpoint of the Islamic law known as Shariah. This study aims to provide the criteria under which conditions of the Islamic Shariah permit making investments in the stock market. Hand in hand with that primary discussion, it has been eluded briefly why the Islamic Shariah principles offer a better alternative against conventional practices of the stock market. Design/methodology/approachThis is a descriptive study based on the literature review. FindingsThis study explores the basic Islamic principles of investment in the stock market by revisiting the norms laid down by Shariah and current global practices of Islamic stock market and indexes. Originality/valueThis study will work as a guideline for investors and market authorities to understand the original Shariah rulings and the benchmark rulings for investment or establishing full-fledged Islamic stock markets, indexes and mutual funds.

scholarly journals Cash management and performance of index mutual funds

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 549-565
Author(s):  
Diego Víctor de Mingo-López ◽  
Juan Carlos Matallín-Sáez ◽  
Amparo Soler-Domínguez
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Mutual Funds ◽  
Mutual Fund ◽  
Fund Performance ◽  
Cash Management ◽  
Stock Market Index ◽  
Index Funds ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Market Index ◽  
And Performance

PurposeThis study aims to assess the relationship between cash management and fund performance in index fund portfolios.Design/methodology/approachUsing a sample of 104 index mutual funds that track the Standard and Poor 500 stock market index from January 1999 to December 2016, the authors employ quintile portfolios and different regression models to assess the differences in risk-adjusted monthly returns experienced by index funds managing different cash levels in their portfolios. To ensure the robustness of the results, different sub-periods and market states are considered in the analyses as well as other exogenous factors and fund characteristics affecting the level of portfolio cash holdings and index fund performance.FindingsResults show that index funds holding higher levels of cash and cash equivalents performed significantly worse than their low-cash counterparts. This evidence remains even after considering different sub-periods and bullish and bearish market conditions and controlling for fund expenses and other variables that could drive this cash-performance relationship.Originality/valueThis study expands the extant literature analyzing cash management in the mutual fund industry. More specifically, the analyses focus on index fund portfolios that replicate a specific benchmark, given that their performance differences should not be related to the market evolution but to the factors derived from the fund management and other exogenous issues. These findings are of interest to managers and investors willing to improve their risk-adjusted returns while investing as diversified as a stock market index.

Oil and risk premia in equity markets

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-723
Author(s):  
Satish Kumar ◽  
Riza Demirer ◽  
Aviral Kumar Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Stock Markets ◽  
Systematic Risk ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Risk Premia ◽  
Market Size ◽  
Predictive Information ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Oil Market ◽  
Factor Returns

Purpose This study aims to explore the oil–stock market nexus from a novel angle by examining the predictive role of oil prices over the excess returns associated with the market, size, book-to-market and momentum factors via bivariate cross-quantilograms. Design/methodology/approach This study makes use of the bivariate cross-quantilogram methodology recently developed by Han et al. (2016) to analyze the predictability patterns across the oil and stock markets by focusing on various quantiles that formally distinguish between normal, bull and bear as well as extreme market states. Findings The study analysis of systematic risk premia across the four regions shows that crude oil returns indeed capture predictive information regarding excess factor returns in stock markets, particularly those associated with market, size and momentum factors. However, the predictive power of oil return over excess factor returns is asymmetric and primarily concentrated on extreme quantiles, suggesting that large fluctuations in oil prices capture markedly different predictive information over stock market risk premia during up and down states of the oil market. Practical implications The findings have significant implications for the profitability of factor- or style-based active portfolio strategies and suggest that the predictive information contained in oil market fluctuations could be used to enhance returns via conditional strategies based on these predictability patterns. Originality/value This study contributes to the vast literature on the oil–stock market nexus from a novel perspective by exploring the effect of oil price fluctuations on the risk premia associated with the systematic risk factors including market, size, value and momentum.

scholarly journals Are Islamic mutual funds exposed to lower risk compared to their conventional counterparts?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farrukh Naveed ◽  
Idrees Khawaja ◽  
Lubna Maroof
Keyword(s):  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Mutual Funds ◽  
Value At Risk ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Risk Measures ◽  
Risk Preferences ◽  
Downside Risk ◽  
Risk Exposure ◽  
Individual Investors ◽  
Content Type

Purpose This study aims to comparatively analyze the systematic, idiosyncratic and downside risk exposure of both Islamic and conventional funds in Pakistan to see which of the funds has higher risk exposure. Design/methodology/approach The study analyzes different types of risks involved in both Islamic and conventional funds for the period from 2009 to 2016 by using different risk measures. For systematic and idiosyncratic risk single factor CAPM and multifactor models such as Fama French three factors model and Carhart four factors model are used. For downside risk analysis different measures such as downside beta, relative beta, value at risk and expected short fall are used. Findings The study finds that Islamic funds have lower risk exposure (including total, systematic, idiosyncratic and downside risk) compared with their conventional counterparts in most of the sample years, and hence, making them appear more attractive for investment especially for Sharīʿah-compliant investors preferring low risk preferences. Practical implications As this study shows, Islamic mutual funds exhibit lower risk exposure than their conventional counterparts so investors with lower risk preferences can invest in these kinds of funds. In this way, this research provides the input to the individual investors (especially Sharīʿah-compliant investors who want to avoid interest based investment) to help them with their investment decisions as they can make a more diversified portfolio by considering Islamic funds as a mean for reducing the risk exposure. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is the first attempt at world level in looking at the comparative risk analysis of various types of the risks as follows: systematic, idiosyncratic and downside risk, for both Islamic and conventional funds, and thus, provides significant contribution in the literature of mutual funds.

scholarly journals Active fund managers and earnings management at portfolio companies

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javeria Farooqi ◽  
Surendranath Jory ◽  
Thanh Ngo
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Earnings Management ◽  
Mutual Funds ◽  
Earnings Quality ◽  
Tracking Error ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Earnings Manipulation ◽  
Stock Selection ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fund Managers

Purpose This paper aims to examine the association between the types of mutual funds, i.e. active versus passive, and the level of earnings manipulation in companies that comprise their stock portfolios. Design/methodology/approach The authors use Cremers and Petajisto’s (2009) classification of mutual funds by active share and tracking error volatility to differentiate between active and passive mutual funds. To assess the extent of earnings quality at portfolio companies, the authors measure accruals earnings management and real earnings management. Findings The authors find that the portfolio firms held by active fund managers exhibit lower levels of earnings manipulation. The inverse relationship between earnings management and fund holdings is more pronounced at higher levels of active share selection among concentrated active fund managers. Practical implications The degree to which earnings management influences mutual funds’ investment behavior has significant implications for the stability of the US stock market. Based on the findings that earnings management at portfolio companies serves as a potential instrument to guide funds’ investment decisions, future research would examine how these investment preferences exert price pressure (if any) on the stock of the portfolio companies. It would also help to ascertain whether the investment preferences of fund managers with respect to earnings management help to render the stock market more or less efficient. Originality/value This paper contributes to the understanding of how actively managed funds perform stock selection. Earnings manipulation leads to negative earnings quality that would inhibit stock performance over time. Active fund managers, who dynamically manage their exposures to systematic and stock-specific risks (in their attempt to outperform their benchmark index), target firms that manage earnings less to form part of their investment portfolios.

A new algorithm for mutual funds evaluation based on multiple attribute decision making techniques

Kybernetes ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1194-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Alibakhshi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Sadeghi Moghadam
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Mutual Funds ◽  
Multiple Attribute Decision Making ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Assignment Method ◽  
Multiple Attribute ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Linear Assignment

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to consider compromise solutions of multiple attribute decision-making methods (TOPSIS, VIKOR, and similarity-based approach) in order to evaluate and rank mutual funds and to compare the capabilities of different approaches based on the different traditional indices of mutual funds assessment. In addition, a new algorithm for ranking mutual funds was proposed subsequently. Design/methodology/approach In this research, three groups of indices including general, risk-modified performance evaluation, and risk-modified performance evaluation indices using semivariance were used in the mutual funds assessment, which led to the comparison between selected mutual funds, using three mentioned methods and three different groups of criteria. The results of this comparison were compiled and synthesized with linear assignment method. At the end, an algorithm for decision making and investing in mutual funds for professional and unprofessional investors was proposed. Findings Using different methods and different criteria proved that the results of similarity-based approach as a MADM technique have the ability to rank and evaluate mutual funds regardless of the criteria used compared to TOPSIS and VIKOR. Furthermore, the authors propose the algorithm of this research as a new model of mutual funds evaluation which considers a wide range of variables with respect to amateur and professional points of view. Originality/value The originality of this paper is threefold: first, different criteria were considered to make the evaluation more comprehensive. Second, four different approaches were used to make the results more authentic. Third, a holistic algorithm with its implication was proposed.

Defining the three Rs of commercial property market performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 481-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Market Performance ◽  
Downside Risk ◽  
Property Market ◽  
Power Law Distribution ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Commercial Property ◽  
Price Fluctuations

Purpose – Modern property investment allocation techniques are typically based on recognised measures of return and risk. Whilst these models work well in theory under stable conditions, they can fail when stable assumptions cease to hold and extreme volatility occurs. This is evident in commercial property markets which can experience extended stable periods followed by large concentrated negative price fluctuations as a result of major unpredictable events. This extreme volatility may not be fully reflected in traditional risk calculations and can lead to ruin. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This research studies 28 years of quarterly Australian direct commercial property market performance data for normal distribution features and signs of extreme downside risk. For the extreme values, Power Law distribution models were examined as to provide a better probability measure of large negative price fluctuations. Findings – The results show that the normal bell curve distribution underestimated actual extreme values both by frequency and extent, being by at least 30 per cent for the outermost data point. For the statistical outliers beyond 2 SD, a Power Law distribution can overcome many of the shortcomings of the standard deviation approach and therefore better measure the probability of ruin, being extreme downside risk. Practical implications – In highlighting the challenges to measuring property market performance, analysis of extreme downside risk should be separated from traditional standard deviation risk calculations. In recognising these two different types of risk, extreme downside risk has a magnified domino effect with the tendency of bad news to come in crowds. Big price changes can lead to market crashes and financial ruin which is well beyond the standard deviation risk measure. This needs to be recognised and developed as there is evidence that extreme downside risk determinants are increasing by magnitude, frequency and impact. Originality/value – Analysis of extreme downside risk should form a key part of the property decision process and be included in the property investment manager’s toolkit. Modelling techniques for estimating measures of tail risk provide challenges and have shown to be beyond traditional risk management practices, being too narrow and constraining a definition. Measuring extreme risk and the likelihood of ruin is the first step in analysing and dealing with risk in both an asset class and portfolio context.

Faysal Asset Management mutual funds performance evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Vikesh Kumar ◽  
Mujeeb-U-Rehman Bhayo ◽  
Sundeep Kumar ◽  
Rakesh Kumar ◽  
Sarfraz Ahmed Dakhan
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Mutual Funds ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Mutual Fund ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Net Worth ◽  
Academic Level ◽  
Investment Process

Learning outcomes The learning outcomes are as follows: to teach the concept of mutual fund as whole, how mutual fund works and who are the investors; discuss how any asset management company can work and what is their investment process; discuss how mutual funds are affected by changes in economic outlook/macro-economic variables; discuss the alternative risk-adjusted measures of performance evaluation, such as the Sharpe ratio, Treynor, Jensen’s alpha and measure of risk-adjusted performance; and discuss which index to use as a benchmark and how to improve funds’ performance. Case overview/synopsis In April 2019, Khaldoon Bin latif, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Faysal Asset Management, reflected on the changes that had occurred during his two and a half years at Faysal. He was quite pleased with the recent performance of Faysal Funds and the company’s relationship-oriented approach to money management for individuals with high net worth. Yet, he wanted to ensure that both the investment-process and performance-evaluation measures that he had implemented at Faysal would continue to provide superior returns. Latif also wanted Faysal to outperform the relevant indices, not only on an absolute basis, but also on a risk-adjusted basis. He pondered which indices and models Faysal should use in the future based on their performance. Complexity academic level Undergraduate/graduate Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 1: Accounting and Finance.

scholarly journals On the performance of KiwiSaver funds

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Frijns ◽  
Alireza Tourani-Rad
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Systematic Risk ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Performance Attribution ◽  
New Zealanders

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the risk-adjusted performance of the KiwiSaver Growth funds for the period 2007-2013 in New Zealand. Design/methodology/approach – Performance attribution regressions are used to measure risk-adjusted performance of KiwiSaver funds. Findings – This paper found that there is no evidence of systematic risk-adjusted outperformance of KiwiSaver Growth funds, and in several cases, there is evidence of significant underperformance. This paper further reports substantial variation in the amount of risk-taking, and local and international stock market exposure of KiwiSaver Growth funds. Originality/value – KiwiSaver is becoming an increasingly important investment vehicle for many New Zealanders saving for retirement. This is the first paper that considers the performance of KiwiSaver funds.

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