SBADR: stable and bandwidth aware dynamic routing protocol for mobile ad hoc network

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-221
Author(s):  
Anupama Sharma ◽  
Abhay Bansal ◽  
Vinay Rishiwal
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Dynamic Routing ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Path Stability ◽  
The Stability

Purpose Quality communication is a big challenge in mobile ad hoc networks because of a restricted environment for mobile devices, bandwidth-constrained radio connections, random mobility of connected devices, etc. High-quality communication through wireless links mainly depends on available bandwidth, link stability, energy of nodes, etc. Many researchers proposed stability and link quality methods to improve these issues, but they still require optimization. This study aims to contribute towards better quality communication in temporarily formed networks. The authors propose the stable and bandwidth aware dynamic routing (SBADR) protocol with the aim to provide an efficient, stable path with sufficient bandwidth and enough energy hold nodes for all types of quality of service (QoS) data communication. Design/methodology/approach The proposal made in this work used received signal strength from the media access control (MAC) layer to estimate the stability of the radio connection. The proposed path stability model combines the stability of the individual link to compute path stability. The amount of bandwidth available for communication at a specific time on a link is defined as the available link bandwidth that is understood as the maximum throughput of that link. Bandwidth as a QoS parameter ensures high-quality communication for every application in such a network. One other improvement, towards quality data transmission, is made by incorporating residual energies of communicating and receiving nodes in the calculation of available link bandwidth. Findings Communication quality in mobile ad hoc network (MANET) does not depend on a single parameter such as bandwidth, energy, path stability, etc. To address and enhance quality communication, this paper focused on high impact factors, such as path stability, available link bandwidth and energy of nodes. The performance of SBADR is evaluated on the network simulator and compared with that of other routing protocols, i.e. route stability based QoS routing (RSQR), route stability based ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (RSAODV) and Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV). Experimental outcomes show that SBADR significantly enhanced network performance in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR) and normalized control overhead (NCO). Performance shows that SBADR is suitable for any application of MANET having random and high mobility. Research limitations/implications QoS in MANET is a challenging task. To achieve high-quality communication, the authors worked on multiple network parameters, i.e. path stability, available link bandwidth and energy of mobile nodes. The performance of the proposed routing protocol named SBADR is evaluated by a network simulator and compared with that of other routing protocols. Statistical analysis done on results proves significant enhancement in network performance. SBADR is suitable for applications of MANET having random and high mobility. It is also efficient for applications having a requirement of high throughput. Practical implications SBADR shows a significant enhancement in received data bytes, which are 1,709, 788 and 326 more in comparison of AODV, RSAODV and RSQR, respectively. PDR increased by 21.27%, 12.1%, 4.15%, and NCO decreased by 9.67%, 5.93%, 2.8% in comparison of AODV, RSAODV and RSQR, respectively. Social implications Outcomes show SBADR will perform better with applications of MANET such as disaster recovery, city tours, university or hospital networks, etc. SBADR is suitable for every application of MANET having random and high mobility. Originality/value This is to certify that the reported work in the paper entitled “SBADR: stable and bandwidth aware dynamic routing protocol for mobile ad hoc network” is an original one and has not been submitted for publication elsewhere. The authors further certify that proper citations to the previously reported work have been given and no data/tables/figures have been quoted verbatim from the other publications without giving due acknowledgment and without permission of the author(s).

scholarly journals Design and Efficient Network Investigation of Passive Periodic Drop Attack

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (0203) ◽  
pp. 110-116
Author(s):  
Sunil Kumar ◽  
Maninder Singh
Keyword(s):  
Network Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Denial Of Service Attack ◽  
Drop Attack ◽  
Service Attack ◽  
The Impact

A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is much more vulnerable to various security attacks due to its high mobility, multi-hop communication and the absence of centralized administration. In this paper, we investigate the impact of Jellyfish periodic dropping attack on MANETs under different routing protocols. This investigate is under the class of denial-of-service attack and targets closed loop flows which results in delay and data loss. In this paper, the simulation results are gathered using OPNET network simulator and its effect on network performance is studied by analysing re-transmission attempts, network load and throughput. The results have shown that the impact of Jellyfish periodic dropping attack which reduces the network performance. Performance shows OLSR performs better than AODV under periodic drop attack.

scholarly journals Ground Control System Based Routing for Reliable and Efficient Multi-Drone Control System

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woonghee Lee ◽  
Joon Lee ◽  
Jiyeon Lee ◽  
Kangho Kim ◽  
Seungho Yoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Ground Control ◽  
Neighbor Discovery ◽  
Drone Control

Various unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also called drones, have developed based on advances in hardware and software technologies. Thus, service providers in diverse areas have tried to utilize drones to create more effective solutions. In many cases, employing multiple drones is more effective to perform the given mission than using a single drone. To utilize multiple drones, the drones should be strongly connected, but it is not trivial to construct reliable and efficient networks for drones due to their high mobility. Therefore, we propose a ground control system (GCS) routing protocol (GCS-routing) to overcome this limitation and provide reliable and efficient multi-drone control system, where GCS-routing maximizes GCS utilization. GCS is the essential component of flying ad-hoc network (FANET) and can obtain information about drones. Using this information, GCS-routing can provide more effective routing, predict any topology changes, and react immediately. GCS-routing does not issue any periodic HELLO message for neighbor discovery or link cost estimation, which significantly enhances network performance. We implemented GCS-routing on real drones, and applied GCS-routing to actual drone fleets, as well as simulations to evaluate GCS-routing performance. The results clearly identify the advantages of the proposed routing protocol for drone networks compared with current routing protocols.

A Improved Routing Algorithm for MAODV Based on Path Stability

2011 ◽  
Vol 186 ◽  
pp. 655-659
Author(s):  
Zi Fu Fan ◽  
Bi Yun Wu ◽  
Xiao Yu Wan
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Path Stability ◽  
Path Prediction ◽  
Demand Routing ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Stability

In mobile Ad Hoc network, node movement makes the network topology change frequently. In order to improve the stability of routing, a new routing protocol PPC-MAODV (Path Prediction compute based multicast Ad-hoc on-demand Routing Protocol) is proposed in this paper. This protocol takes the path stability into account and reduces the times of route repairing and route reconstructing by selecting the path with the high stability and less hops to transmit data. Simulations show that the PPC-MAODV proposed in this paper is valid and can reduce the packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay.

scholarly journals A Survey on Applications of Reinforcement Learning in Flying Ad-Hoc Networks

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 449
Author(s):  
Sifat Rezwan ◽  
Wooyeol Choi
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Flight Trajectory ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Hoc Networks

Flying ad-hoc networks (FANET) are one of the most important branches of wireless ad-hoc networks, consisting of multiple unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) performing assigned tasks and communicating with each other. Nowadays FANETs are being used for commercial and civilian applications such as handling traffic congestion, remote data collection, remote sensing, network relaying, and delivering products. However, there are some major challenges, such as adaptive routing protocols, flight trajectory selection, energy limitations, charging, and autonomous deployment that need to be addressed in FANETs. Several researchers have been working for the last few years to resolve these problems. The main obstacles are the high mobility and unpredictable changes in the topology of FANETs. Hence, many researchers have introduced reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms in FANETs to overcome these shortcomings. In this study, we comprehensively surveyed and qualitatively compared the applications of RL in different scenarios of FANETs such as routing protocol, flight trajectory selection, relaying, and charging. We also discuss open research issues that can provide researchers with clear and direct insights for further research.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of ECDSA Based SE-AODV Routing Protocol In VANETS

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.16) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Deepak . ◽  
Rajkumar .
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Intelligent Transportation System ◽  
Secure Routing ◽  
The People ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Aodv Routing Protocol

Vehicular ad hoc networks is an emerging area for researchers to provide intelligent transportation system to the society. It is due to the wide area of applications of VANETs interest is developed among the people from different countries to be a part of it. Therefore many projects had been started and also presently working to implement VANETs in real world scenario. The main challenge in its implementation is to provide a secure mechanism against the various attacks and threats that have the capability to bring the network performance significantly down. In this paper to overcome different types of authentication based attacks in VANETs an ECDSA based secure routing protocol SE-AODV is proposed with security features incorporated in already existing AODV routing protocol. The performance of SE-AODV is evaluated and compared with original AODV and AODV with black hole attack (BH-AODV). The SE-AODV shows better performance with the parameters used for comparison with the variation in vehicle density, speed of vehicles and simulation time. 

scholarly journals AODV-UI Proof of Concept on MIPS-based Wireless Router

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
B. Anantasatya Adhi ◽  
Ruki Harwahyu ◽  
Abdusy Syarif ◽  
Harris Simaremare ◽  
R. Fitri Sari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Media Access ◽  
Wireless Router ◽  
Hardware Configuration ◽  
Aodv Routing Protocol

AODV routing protocol facilitates changing and simple-to-setup network environment. It helps setting up a network without sufficient infrastructure, such as in disaster area. Development of AODV protocol has gathered a worldwide research interest. However, not many researches implement AODV routing protocol in real mobile nodes and real MANET. In addition, real implementation deals with other works concerning underlying protocol, firmware and hardware configuration, as well as detailed topology both in logical and physical arrangement. This work aims to implements Ad-hoc On-demand Distant Vector – particularly University of Indonesia AODV (AODV-UI) routing protocol on low-end inexpensive generic wireless routers as a proof of concept. AODV-UI is an improved version of AODV routing protocol that implements gateway interconnection and reverse route capability. This routing protocol has been previously successfully tested in NS-2. In this work, current AODV-UI protocol is ported to OpenWRT + MIPS (Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages) little endian architecture then tested on the real networking environment. Underlying media access layer is also altered to provide the protocol greater control over the network. Performance of this implementation is measured in terms of energy consumption, routing overhead, end-to-end delay, protocol reliability and packet delivery ratio.

scholarly journals Design and Simulation of Spectrum Access and Power Management Protocol for Dynamic Access Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4A) ◽  
pp. 588-597
Author(s):  
Ala'eddin Masadeh ◽  
Haythem Bany Salameh ◽  
Ahmad Abu-El-Haija
Keyword(s):  
Network Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Network Throughput ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Spatial Reuse ◽  
Transmission Power ◽  
Secondary Users ◽  
Primary Users ◽  
Management Protocol ◽  
Hoc Networks

This work investigates the problem of managing the transmission power and assigning channels for multi-channel single-radio Cognitive Radio Ad-Hoc Networks (CRAHNs). The considered network consists of M primary users and N secondary users, where the secondary users can use the licensed channels opportunistically when they are not utilized by the primary users. The secondary users have the capability of sensing the licensed channels and determine their occupation status. They are also able to control their transmission power such that the transmitted data can be received with high quality-of-service with the lowest possible transmission power, and minimum interference among the secondary users. This also contributes in increasing the frequency spatial reuse of the licensed channels by the secondary users, when the channels are unoccupied, which increases the network throughput. This work proposes a channel assignment algorithm aims at assigning the unoccupied licensed channels among secondary users efficiently, and a transmission power control aims at tuning the transmission power used by the secondary users to maximize the network throughput. The results show an enhancement achieved by the proposed protocol when it is integrated to the considered network, which is seen through increasing the network throughput and decreasing in the access delay. In this context, the Network Simulator 2 (NS2) was used to verify our proposed protocol, which indicates a significant enhancement in network performance

scholarly journals AODV-MSA: A Security Routing Protocol on Mobile Ad Hoc Network

2021 ◽  
pp. 143-149
Author(s):  
Le Quang Minh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Network Attacks ◽  
Network Attack ◽  
Asymmetric Encryption ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Security Routing Protocol

Network security is an important problem, which attracts more attention because recent network attacks caused huge consequences such as data lose, reduce network performance and increase routing load. In this article, we show network attack forms in MANET and propose Multiple Signature Authenticate (MSA) mechanism using digital signature based on asymmetric encryption RSA. Moreover, we describe a new security routing protocol named AODV-MSA by integrating MSA into AODV. Using NS2 simulator system, we implement and examine the efficiency of the AODV-MSA protocol with the 32-bit keys.

Disaster Relief Management Using Reinforcement Learning-Based Routing

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-37
Author(s):  
Gajanan Madhavrao Walunjkar ◽  
Anne Koteswara Rao ◽  
V. Srinivasa Rao
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Adaptive Routing ◽  
Mobility Model ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Disaster Area ◽  
Disaster Scenario

Effective disaster management is required for the peoples who are trapped in the disaster scenario but unfortunately when disaster situation occurs the infrastructure support is no longer available to the rescue team. Ad hoc networks which are infrastructure-less networks can easily deploy in such situation. In disaster area mobility model, disaster area is divided into different zones such as incident zone, casualty treatment zones, transport areas, hospital zones, etc. Also, in order to tackle high mobility of nodes and frequent failure of links in a network, there is a need of adaptive routing protocol. Reinforcement learning is used to design such adaptive routing protocol which shows good improvement in packet delivery ratio, delay and average energy consumed.

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