scholarly journals Child incarceration and long-term adult health outcomes: a longitudinal study

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth S. Barnert ◽  
Laura S. Abrams ◽  
Lello Tesema ◽  
Rebecca Dudovitz ◽  
Bergen B. Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Functional Limitations ◽  
Service Needs ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Comprehensive Health ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hispanic Male

Purpose Although incarceration may have life-long negative health effects, little is known about associations between child incarceration and subsequent adult health outcomes. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach The authors analyzed data from 14,689 adult participants in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) to compare adult health outcomes among those first incarcerated between 7 and 13 years of age (child incarceration); first incarcerated at>or=14 years of age; and never incarcerated. Findings Compared to the other two groups, those with a history of child incarceration were disproportionately black or Hispanic, male, and from lower socio-economic strata. Additionally, individuals incarcerated as children had worse adult health outcomes, including general health, functional limitations (climbing stairs), depressive symptoms, and suicidality, than those first incarcerated at older ages or never incarcerated. Research limitations/implications Despite the limitations of the secondary database analysis, these findings suggest that incarcerated children are an especially medically vulnerable population. Practical implications Programs and policies that address these medically vulnerable children’s health needs through comprehensive health and social services in place of, during, and/or after incarceration are needed. Social implications Meeting these unmet health and social service needs offers an important opportunity to achieve necessary health care and justice reform for children. Originality/value No prior studies have examined the longitudinal relationship between child incarceration and adult health outcomes.

scholarly journals A Changing Landscape of Health Opportunity in the United States: Increases in the Strength of the Association Between Childhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Adult Health Between the 1990’s and the 2010’s

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E Fuller-Rowell ◽  
Olivia I. Nichols ◽  
Markus Jokela ◽  
Eric S. Kim ◽  
Elif D. Yildirim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Parent Education ◽  
Functional Limitations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Disadvantage ◽  
Occupational Prestige ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Aggregate Index

The strength of the association between childhood socioeconomic disadvantage (SED) and adult health is an important indicator of health stratification and the degree to which health outcomes are determined early in life. However, changes in the strength of this association over historic time are largely unexamined in the United States. Utilizing data from two independent national samples of adults collected 17 years apart (1995 and 2012), the current study examined changes in the strength of the association between childhood SED and adult health. Childhood SED was scored as an aggregate index from measures of parent occupational prestige, childhood poverty exposure, and parent education. Five measures of adult health were considered: BMI, waist circumference, chronic conditions, functional limitations, and self-rated health. Results indicated that the association between childhood SED and all five health outcomes was significantly stronger in the 2012 sample than the 1995 sample, with the magnitude of the association being more than twice as large in the more recent sample for four out of five outcomes. Findings persisted after adjusting for age, sex, race, marital status, and number of children. Results suggest that the socioeconomic circumstances of childhood have become a stronger predictor of adult health in recent decades. Replication and examination of mechanisms for these effects vis-à-vis changing pathways from childhood SED to adult health through adult status attainments, work environment characteristics, or unfair treatment, is warranted.

Self-Reported ADHD and Adult Health in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D. Landes ◽  
Andrew S. London
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Functional Limitations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Adhd Diagnosis ◽  
Interview Survey ◽  
Fair Poor ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: Informed by a social determinants of health framework, we investigate the relationship between self-reported ADHD diagnosis status and adult health, and whether observed associations are attenuated by biomedical and socioeconomic factors. Method: Using 2007 National Health Interview Survey data ( N = 19,104), we present multivariate logistic regression analyses of associations between self-reported ADHD diagnosis status and five adult health outcomes. Results: ADHD diagnosis was significantly associated with higher odds of injury, physical health conditions, functional limitations, fair/poor health, and psychological distress in fully specified models (adjusted odds ratios [AORs] = 1.62-2.36). Inclusion of controls for exogenous demographic characteristics, psychiatric comorbidities and health behaviors, and adult social and economic statuses attenuated but did not eliminate observed associations between ADHD and poorer adult health. Conclusion: Research on adult health outcomes for those with ADHD should include consideration of the mechanisms by which a diagnosis of ADHD leads to cumulative social disadvantages that independently contribute to poorer health outcomes.

Food Insecurity Among Formerly Incarcerated Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1493-1511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Testa ◽  
Dylan B. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Add Health ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Formerly Incarcerated ◽  
National Longitudinal Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
Formerly Incarcerated Persons

The purpose of this study is to further the understanding of the hardships faced by formerly incarcerated individuals by investigating the association between prior incarceration and postrelease food insecurity. Drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), our findings demonstrate that a history of incarceration is associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing food insecurity. This association is found to partially operate through household income, depressive symptoms, marital status, and social isolation. Given the importance of food insecurity in predicting future health outcomes and nutritional behavior, food insecurity may be an important factor in driving health disparities among formerly incarcerated persons.

Personal social services for children and families in the UK: a historical review

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 72-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Bullock ◽  
Roy Parker
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Children And Families ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Content Type ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to chart the history of personal social services for children and families in the UK and examine the factors that have influenced it. Special attention is given to changing perceptions of rights, the impact of scandals and the contribution of child development research. Design/methodology/approach Analysis of historical documents and research reports using four methods: a timeline of milestones, demarcation of distinct developmental periods, trends in policy and practice and comparisons of children’s needs and experiences at different times. Findings The evolution of services has not been linear. In policy, there have been reform and retrenchment, amalgamation and differentiation. Practice has been shaped by the emergence of new problems and the disappearance of old ones as well as by legislation, extreme events, research and finance, all occurring in specific political, moral and economic contexts. Originality/value An analysis of developments in children’s services in their political, economic, moral and research contexts.

scholarly journals Research on nursing unit layouts: an integrative review

Facilities ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (9/10) ◽  
pp. 631-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahbub Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Psychosocial Factors ◽  
Integrative Review ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Nursing Unit ◽  
Family Behavior ◽  
Designed Environment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Orientations

Purpose – This paper aims to present an integrative review of the research studies on nursing unit layouts. Design/methodology/approach – Studies selected for review were published between 1956 and 2014. For the purpose of this review, a framework for integrative review was developed using research orientations. The three primary dimensions – technical, psychological and social – of the designed environment and various combinations of these dimensions were used to define the research orientations of these studies. Findings – Of all the publications reviewed for the paper, 21 presented technical orientations, 16 psychological orientations, 3 social orientations, 20 psychotechnical orientations, 10 sociotechnical orientations, 2 psychosocial orientations and 13 presented psychosociotechnical orientations. With only a few exceptions, several issues related to nursing unit layouts were investigated no more than one time in any one category of research orientations. Several other seemingly important issues including patient and family behavior and perception, health outcomes and social and psychosocial factors in relation to unit layouts have not been studied adequately. Research limitations/implications – Future studies on nursing unit layouts will need to focus on patient and family behavior and perception, health outcomes and social and psychosocial factors in different units. They will also need to focus on developing theories concerning the effects of layouts on the technical, psychological and social dimensions of nursing units. Originality/value – Despite a long history of research on nursing unit layouts, an integrative review of these studies is still missing in the literature. This review fills in the gap using a novel framework for integrative review developed based on research orientations.

scholarly journals Experiences of youth with medical complexity and their families during the transition to adulthood: a meta-ethnography

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Li ◽  
Marissa Bird ◽  
Nancy Carter ◽  
Jenny Ploeg ◽  
Jan Willem Gorter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Functional Limitations ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Adult Services ◽  
Medical Complexity

AbstractYouth with medical complexity (YMC) are a small subset of youth who have a combination of severe functional limitations and extensive health service use. As these youth become adults, they are required to transition to adult health, education, and social services. The transition to adult services is especially difficult for YMC due to the sheer number of services that they access. Service disruptions can have profound impacts on YMC and their families, potentially leading to an unsuccessful transition to adulthood. This meta-ethnography aims to synthesize qualitative literature exploring how YMC and their families experience the transition to adulthood and transfer to adult services. An in-depth understanding of youth and family experiences can inform interventions and policies to optimize supports and services to address the needs of this population at risk for unsuccessful transition to adulthood. Using Noblit and Hare’s approach to meta-ethnography, a comprehensive search of Medline, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, Social Sciences Index, and Sociological Abstracts databases, supplemented by hand searching, was conducted to identify relevant studies. Included studies focused on the transition to adulthood or transfer to adult services for YMC, contained a qualitative research component, and had direct quotes from youth or family participants. Studies were critically appraised, and data were analyzed using meta-ethnographic methods of reciprocal translation and line of argument synthesis. Conceptual data from ten studies were synthesized into six overarching constructs: (1) the nature and process of transition, (2) changing relationships, (3) goals and expectations, (4) actions related to transition, (5) making sense of transition, and (6) contextual factors impacting transition. A conceptual model was developed that explains that youth and families experience dynamic interactions between their goals, actions, and relationships, which are bounded and influenced by the nature, process, and context of transition. Despite the tremendous barriers faced during transition, YMC and their families often demonstrate incredible resilience, perseverance, and resourcefulness in the pursuit of their goals. Implications for how the conceptual model can inform practice, policy, and research are shared. These implications include the need to address emotional needs of youth and families, support families in realizing their visions for the future, promote collaboration among stakeholders, and develop policies to incentivize and support providers in implementing current transition guidelines.

The Toxic Impact of Life Behind Bars

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-74
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Toxic Impact ◽  
Comprehensive Health ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health And Well Being

Chapter 5 unpacks some key components of the damaging environment of prison and considers what a different approach to incarceration might look like. Researcher Jim Parsons provides an overview of the health impacts of incarceration, while Sara Wakefield offers new data on family history of incarceration and opportunities to mitigate the effects. Physician Homer Venters describes the lack of comprehensive health outcomes data, and designer and researcher Regina Yang Chen addresses the influence of prison design on the health and well-being of residents, staff, and the community. Finally, Kempis Songster, released from prison after serving 30 years for a murder he committed at age 15, grounds the narrative in lived experience. All are united in their call to reimagine the ways our country responds to crime and the role of incarceration.

Homelessness among clients of Sydney’s supervised injecting facility

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 258-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison M. Salmon ◽  
Vendula Belackova ◽  
Ricardo Starling Schwanz ◽  
Marianne Jauncey ◽  
Sarah Hiley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Complex Needs ◽  
Supervised Injecting Facilities ◽  
Boarding House ◽  
Bivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
History Of ◽  
Couch Surfing ◽  
Sydney Australia

Purpose The Uniting Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MSIC) opened in Sydney, Australia, in May 2001. Homelessness among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Australia has been increasing, and establishing how supervised injecting facilities (SIFs) might best support clients into housing is an important goal. The purpose of this paper is to update knowledge regarding the accommodation status of MSIC clients, thereby supporting a better understanding of the complex needs of these clients. Design/methodology/approach Client accommodation status at MSIC registration (first visit) and in a brief survey (conducted in May 2016) were compared; unstable accommodation was defined as rough sleeping, couch surfing, hostel, boarding house or crisis accommodation. The bivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the association between socio-demographics and accommodation status at both time points; a paired t-test was used to compare the visit records for those who reported stable and unstable accommodation in May 2016. Findings Of 232 clients who were present at MSIC during the week the Brief Survey was conducted, 107 participated. Most were male (79 per cent) with a mean age of 41.4 years. A total of 64 (60 per cent) identified as living in unstable accommodation; having increased from 40 per cent at the time of registration (first visit). There were significant positive associations between unstable accommodation status and unemployment, imprisonment and history of overdose, all measured at registration. In May 2016, unstable accommodation status was significantly associated with age of first injection and with unemployment status (as measured at registration); those living in unstable accommodation in May 2016 had a lower number of visits, a lower number of referrals to health and social services and a lower number of overdoses at MSIC than those living in a stable accommodation. Originality/value The rates of unstable accommodation among MSIC clients have been increasing. These findings highlight the importance of SIFs and drug consumption rooms as venue to address the essential needs of PWID, such as housing. The window of opportunity to support PWID who experience housing instability seems to be narrower than for those who live in stable accommodation.

scholarly journals Effect of provincial spending on social services and health care on health outcomes in Canada: an observational longitudinal study

2018 ◽  
Vol 190 (3) ◽  
pp. E66-E71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Dutton ◽  
Pierre-Gerlier Forest ◽  
Ronald D. Kneebone ◽  
Jennifer D. Zwicker
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Social Services

Is bullying bad for your health? The consequences of bullying perpetration and victimization in childhood on health behaviors in adulthood

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaimee Stuart ◽  
Paul E. Jose
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Perceived Support ◽  
Late Adulthood ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bully Victims ◽  
History Of ◽  
Negative Health Outcomes ◽  
Health And Well Being

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine whether young people who bully others in childhood (aged seven to 12 years old) go on to have worse health outcomes than non-bullies 39 years later. Furthermore, four categories of engagement in bullying behaviors (bully, victim, bully-victim, and not involved) were compared in order to assess differences in health and well-being in late adulthood. Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 305 teacher-identified childhood bullies were selected from the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s cohort and matched with a sample of 305 non-bullies using propensity score matching methods. These groups were then tested for differences in six health outcomes (perceived support, depression, poor health, presence of a long-term illness, history of smoking, and frequent alcohol consumption) measured in late adulthood. Categories of bullying engagement (bully, victim, bully-victim, not involved) were also constructed using the matched groups and adult recollection of victimization, and differences between the four groups on health outcomes were tested. Findings – Bullies were found to be significantly more likely than non-bullies to have a history of smoking and currently have a long-term illness and victims reported significantly lower levels of perceived support and greater depression than non-victims. Furthermore, bully-victims reported experiencing significantly less support and more depression than bullies, and were significantly more likely to currently have a long-term illness than non-bullies. Originality/value – Results indicate that bullying in childhood is associated with negative health outcomes much later in life. Being both a perpetrator and victim of bullying was associated with worse health outcomes than either being a bully, victim, or not being involved. These results indicate that there are long-lasting implications for individuals involved in bullying almost four decades later in life.

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