Getting all motives right: a holistic approach to internationalization motives of companies

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob van Tulder
Keyword(s):  
Practical Implication ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Strategic Intent ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Internationalization Strategies ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Corporate Internationalization

Purpose – This paper presents a framework for an improved understanding of actual internationalization motives. Answers to a key question in IB studies – why companies internationalize – contain considerable flaws. There are theoretical, disciplinary and methodological reasons for this state of affairs. In practice, the lacking attention for motivational constellations has serious repercussions for the theoretical sophistication of IB studies, lowering its managerial relevance. Design/methodology/approach – Managers are confronted with many internationalization considerations simultaneously and, therefore, often have difficulty in recognizing themselves in extant approaches. The abstractions that many textbooks and academic papers present on the why question of corporate internationalization defy reality in case the various motivational trade-offs that managers face are not adequately addressed. This contribution presents a framework that is based on the identification of a number of motivational tensions that define the outcome of the actual internationalization strategies of companies: between intrinsic and extrinsic motives, between strategic intent and realization and between tactical and strategic considerations. Findings – Dealing with these tensions at the same time provides a strong ground for explaining particular outcomes of the internationalization process in degrees of international coordination and integration. Practical implications – The practical implication of the approach is a new conceptual framework that help scholars and managers understand complex configurations of internationalization motives better and thus come up with more realistic descriptions of what has actually influenced companies to adopt a particular internationalization strategy. Originality/value – The paper presents a completely new combination of models to document the motivations and consequently the internationalization trajectories of companies. It is, however, also well founded in the literature, but it presents a fundamental account of some serious flaws in IB theory and practice.

Examining participation in relation to students’ development of health-related action competence in a school food setting

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorte Ruge ◽  
Morten Kromann Nielsen ◽  
Bent Egberg Mikkelsen ◽  
Bjarne Bruun-Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Capacity Building ◽  
Practical Implication ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
School Food ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Action Competence

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how students’ participation in an integrated school food program was related to the development of components of food and health-related action competence (F & HRAC). These components were understood to be the knowledge, insight, motivation, ownership and social skills that made students able to take action regarding food and health in everyday life. Design/methodology/approach – Research was undertaken as a single case study of the development of an integrated education and health program called LOMA-Local Food (LOMA) in a secondary school in Denmark. Qualitative methods were applied, including an action research component, where researcher and teachers examined how students developed action competence. The program was based on a whole school approach with the aim of improving F & HRAC. As a way to obtain this, students participated in planning, preparing, cooking and serving their own school food as integrated in curriculum. The study applied the Health Promoting Schools’ (HPS) conceptual framework and the I nvestigation, V ision, A ction and C hange (IVACE) approach. Findings – Students who participated in LOMA educational activities became motivated for developing a food F & HRAC, which included components such as knowledge, insight, motivation, ownership, action experience, commitment, cooperation and critical thinking. Students developed practical skills related to food and health, when they were cooking healthy school food together with professionals and peers. The study also points to the importance of capacity building among teachers. The IVACE matrix is suggested as a relevant tool for monitoring forms of participation that contributes to students’ development of F & HRAC. Practical implications – There were indications of how participation in LOMA contributed to students’ development of F & HRAC. The practical implication of this is that “setting” is very important for the success of food and health education initiatives. In this integrated approach the production kitchen and the dining hall are indispensable. Also the new organization of the school day and the introduction of a shared daily meal are important practical components for the improvement of the learning environment. The possibility of combining theory and practice seem conducive for students’ achievement of action competence. Social implications – The current study is an example of how the IVACE matrix can be applied in order to plan, conduct and evaluate LOMA educational activities, which could be considered as a contribution to the HPS scientific community. It would be useful for other schools that intend to apply the LOMA approach. However, more research is needed, where teachers, students, staff and other stakeholders collaborate in an action research process. This could promote students’ health and support other initiatives regarding public health, sustainable development and democracy. Originality/value – This research may have implications for the way that school food programs are developed and implemented if they are to make a contribution to students’ development of F & HRAC. Taking the political interest for research-based interventions into account, it is important that future strategies include teachers’ capacity building. Research is also needed regarding further development and test of the IVACE matrix as a method in participatory, health education approaches. This should be seen in combination with a renewed focus on integrated curricula models related to the on-going discussion on redesign of western school curricula.

scholarly journals Motivations of undertaking CSR initiatives by independent hotels: a holistic approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 2468-2487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahideh Abaeian ◽  
Kok Wei Khong ◽  
Ken Kyid Yeoh ◽  
Scott McCabe
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Senior Managers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Environmental Initiatives ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Independent Hotels ◽  
Hotel Managers ◽  
Corporate Social

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore how senior managers of independent hotels perceive the notion of corporate social responsibility (CSR) through a holistic analysis of motivations of undertaking both social and environmental initiatives.Design/methodology/approachThis study conducts qualitative interviews with 22 Malaysian senior hotel managers together with ethnographic observations.FindingsEmergent themes show that CSR is a dynamic concept involving complex struggles and trade-offs between fulfilling business objectives, paying heed to personal ethical values and considering cultural norms when making decisions regarding the adoption of a range of environmental and social initiatives.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to legitimacy theory by highlighting that in the absence of pressure from key stakeholders for responsible initiatives, managers still proactively engage in CSR initiatives. More surprising still is that they set expectations instead of simply aligning or responding to the key stakeholders’ pre-set demands. Meanwhile, the uniqueness, size and purposeful selection of the sample limit the applicability of the findings to wider geographical and cultural locations.Practical implicationsWhile Malaysian hotel managers are willing to use CSR practices to demonstrate their commitment to their employees and the local communities where they operate, it is equally important that they utilize other media (such as their websites or social media) for both promotional and legitimacy building purposes. Within the context of growing tourism for economic development, the Malaysian Government can develop more effective strategies, rewards or incentives for encouraging businesses to undertake and improve CSR adoption for sustainability of this industry.Originality/valueBy extending the scope of CSR studies beyond firm performance issues, we attempt to show the wider set of motivations and contexts considered important in determining hotel engagement in CSR programs.

What does board capital really bring to the table?

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 134-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney Douglas Fernandez ◽  
Yannick Thams ◽  
Mark Lehrer
Keyword(s):  
Boards Of Directors ◽  
Resource Dependence ◽  
Resource Dependence Theory ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Board Capital

Purpose Although resource dependence theory (RDT) has substantially deepened the understanding of the function and role of boards, no systematic review of this body of work has yet been undertaken. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize prior research on the strategically relevant resources provided by board members to their organization in the light of RDT and indicate avenues for future research. Design/methodology/approach The review covers 79 research articles from 1978 to 2016 dealing with the resource provision of boards of directors. Findings Board capital research most often assumes a positive, linear relationship between board capital, resource provision and ultimately firm-level performance outcomes. This tendency tends to exclude from view the possibility of important trade-offs relevant to both theory and practice. Future research will need to incorporate more complex models that take into consideration nonlinear and curvilinear effects. The authors outline opportunities to advance board research by refining the methodological techniques employed. Originality/value By recommending investigation of the important trade-offs inherent in board composition, the authors seek to inspire future research that offers practical guidance for improving the effectiveness of corporate boards.

“Fish out of water”: understanding decision‐making and coping strategies of English as second language consumers through a situational literacy perspective

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 524-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhu Viswanathan ◽  
Carlos Torelli ◽  
Sukki Yoon ◽  
Hila Riemer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Second Language ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
English As Second Language ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Coping

PurposeThis paper aims to study English as second language (ESL) consumers in the USA. The authors seek to focus on consumers who are literate in their native country, yet akin to fish out of water due to language difficulties and unfamiliarity with the marketplace.Design/methodology/approachUsing qualitative interviews of 31 informants and shopping observations of a small subset, the authors examined cognitive predilections, decision making, emotional trade‐offs, and coping strategies of ESL consumers.FindingsThe findings relate to cognitive predilections, decision making and emotional trade‐offs, and coping strategies of ESL consumers.Originality/valueThe authors analyze ESL consumers from a situational literacy perspective, viewing the situations faced by ESL consumers in terms of functional literacy skills. The findings provide a variety of new insights, and have important theoretical and practical implications for theory and practice.

Model (my) neighbourhood – a bottom-up collective approach for crime-prevention in Portugal and Lithuania

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Saraiva ◽  
Irina Matijosaitiene ◽  
Mónica Diniz ◽  
Vilius Velicka
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to respond to the need for comparative studies on methodologies for implementing Crime Prevention through Urban Design and Planning (CP-UDP) at the local level, particularly in peripheral Europe where CP-UDP’s top-down standards have poor dissemination and acceptance. This paper debates how local partnerships can help reduce crime and how a CP-UDP-based model can be introduced into municipal planning. Design/methodology/approach The paper discusses the challenge of CP-UDP in the framework of a post-crisis Europe and Europe 2020. Because there is a large gap between theory and practice, lack of a shared holistic approach, and scepticism, or lack of knowledge, of public authorities, at local-level planning professionals and the police have devised bottom-up initiatives based on interdisciplinary partnerships with the community. The paper describes, discusses and compares the implementation of such approaches in Lisbon (Portugal) and Vilnius (Lithuania). Findings The paper addresses the processes and challenges of establishing synergies and working relationships between police officers, public officials and the community, and it discusses six main causes for its (un)success. When these conditions were met, crime and social constraints reduced. Practical implications Lessons learned are deemed crucial to disseminate knowledge and best practices, paving the way for proper top-down policies and planning legislations in these and other countries. Originality/value This paper analyses the potentialities and shortcomings of local-level implementation of CP-UDP strategies as an alternative to failed top-down strategies in two realities mostly unknown of the international scientific community. The case study material is previously unpublished internationally.

scholarly journals Multidimensional management framework for creative places

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onur Mengi ◽  
Mirko Guaralda
Keyword(s):  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
Design Factor ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Management Framework ◽  
Creative Cities ◽  
Creative City ◽  
Meta Review ◽  
Creative Environments

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the creative city discourse expanding on current tangible and intangible strategies, by integrating recent placemaking tactics to develop a multidimensional framework for designing creative places. Design/methodology/approach The methodology is based on a framework analysis and critical meta-review of current research on creative city and placemaking. Findings The findings show that there are three additional factors related to placemaking tactics in the established literature: institutional factors, human factor and arts and design factor emerging from the intersection of creative city and placemaking frameworks. Practical implications The findings of this study can inform a more holistic approach to placemaking in creative cities in both theory and practice, namely, a multidimensional place management framework for creative environments of today. Originality/value This paper contributes to the current trends in creative city and the development of placemaking guidelines. It provides a simplified view of an exhaustive list of existing literature.

Post internationalization strategies of born global service firms

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 481-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthik Dhandapani ◽  
Rajesh Srinivas Upadhyayula ◽  
Rakesh Basant
Keyword(s):  
Group Analysis ◽  
Service Firms ◽  
Born Global ◽  
Born Globals ◽  
It Industry ◽  
Strategic Group ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Internationalization Strategies ◽  
And Performance

Purpose Extant literature suggests that post-entry internationalization strategies and performance implications of born globals are an under-researched area. This paper aims to examine the internationalization strategies of born global service firms (BGSFs) and performance implications thereof through strategic group analysis of hand-collected data from Indian information technology (IT) firms. Design/methodology/approach Strategic group analysis has been used to examine if there are any differences in the strategic decisions across firms and if there are any implications of these strategies on the performance of firms. The strategic group approach helps understand not only the antecedents but also the strategic trade-offs that different groups of BGSFs face after internationalization. The study uses Indian IT industry as the context for analysis of BGSFs, as studies have found that the Indian IT industry to have significant presence of born globals. Findings Four distinct strategic paths were found to be followed by BGSFs. In addition, the nature of services and ways of mobilization or deployment of resources explain the different internationalization paths and consequently performance. The performance differences primarily stem from the choice of degree of commitment and scope of internationalization. Practical implications This study provides distinct insights to practice by charting internationalization paths for an emerging born global. Originality/value This paper contributes to the theory on born globals by using strategic lens to explain the internationalization paths and their performance implications.

Internationalization strategies for services: a retrospective

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Grönroos
Keyword(s):  
Marketing Research ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Marketing Theory ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Internationalization Strategies ◽  
History Of

Purpose This paper aims to evaluate the findings first put forward in the article “Internationalization strategies for services” (Grönroos, 1999) with the benefit of hindsight and to offer directions for further research and developments in this research area. Design/methodology/approach Research directions spurred by the publication of the original article are examined in the light of current service(s) marketing theory and practice and the development of digitalization and Internet and mobile technologies. Promising current and future strands of research are identified. Findings The originally suggested modes of internationalization seem to remain valid. However, digitalization and the development of Internet and mobile technologies have enabled new ways of internationalizing which enable offering services globally from the establishment of a firm. Originality/value The original article was highly rated, generated discussion and drove important further research. It has value in the history of service(s) marketing research. This retrospective analysis by the author gives unique insight into the processes and thinking associated with understanding key factors which have contributed to the historical development of service(s) marketing and provides substantial directions for future research.

How do family entrepreneurs recognize opportunities? Three propositions

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silke Tegtmeier ◽  
Christina Classen
Keyword(s):  
Family Business ◽  
Family Businesses ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Entrepreneurial Process ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Internationalization Strategies ◽  
Parallel Streams

Purpose Opportunity recognition (OR) is a key factor in the entrepreneurial process. The purpose of the paper is to elaborate on whether OR, such as related to internationalization strategies, by/in family businesses differs from OR by other companies or individuals, and if yes, to what extent. Design/methodology/approach Taking a conceptual perspective, the authors combine OR and family business knowledge to develop propositions on how family entrepreneurs recognize opportunities. Findings The authors develop three propositions about OR in entrepreneurial families. Specifically, they suggest that storytelling strengthens OR in family businesses and helps to hold on to tacit opportunities. They also address their special human capital resources. These advantages together with their long-term orientation lead to the proposition that family businesses are more likely to recognize opportunities than non-family businesses. Research limitations/implications These findings contribute to an increased understanding of the role of OR in family business research and offer an operational base for future quantitative and qualitative studies. Practical implications The insights in this paper are valuable for practitioners and policymakers as well. Practitioners will get feedback on their own family business management by reflecting on the findings reported and will be able to put the theses into a wider context. Politicians wishing to support family businesses need to understand the specifics of this entrepreneurial process to create good conditions for their development and sustainability. Originality/value This conceptual paper marries the two parallel “streams” of theory and practice of entrepreneurship and family business.

scholarly journals From Bitcoin to Central Bank Digital Currencies: Making Sense of the Digital Money Revolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Paulo Rupino Cunha ◽  
Paulo Melo ◽  
Helder Sebastião
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Practical Implication ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Extensive Search ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Digital Money ◽  
Open Issues

We analyze the path from cryptocurrencies to official Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs), to shed some light on the ultimate dematerialization of money. To that end, we made an extensive search that resulted in a review of more than 100 academic and grey literature references, including official positions from central banks. We present and discuss the characteristics of the different CBDC variants being considered—namely, wholesale, retail, and, for the latter, the account-based, and token-based—as well as ongoing pilots, scenarios of interoperability, and open issues. Our contribution enables decision-makers and society at large to understand the potential advantages and risks of introducing CBDCs, and how these vary according to many technical and economic design choices. The practical implication is that a debate becomes possible about the trade-offs that the stakeholders are willing to accept.

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