scholarly journals Multilevel modeling for longitudinal data: concepts and applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Hair Jr. ◽  
Luiz Paulo Fávero
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Covariance Structures ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Intraclass Correlations ◽  
Fixed And Random Effects

Purpose This paper aims to discuss multilevel modeling for longitudinal data, clarifying the circumstances in which they can be used. Design/methodology/approach The authors estimate three-level models with repeated measures, offering conditions for their correct interpretation. Findings From the concepts and techniques presented, the authors can propose models, in which it is possible to identify the fixed and random effects on the dependent variable, understand the variance decomposition of multilevel random effects, test alternative covariance structures to account for heteroskedasticity and calculate and interpret the intraclass correlations of each analysis level. Originality/value Understanding how nested data structures and data with repeated measures work enables researchers and managers to define several types of constructs from which multilevel models can be used.

The strength of the board on sustainability assurance decisions

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 863-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Martinez-Ferrero ◽  
Lázaro Rodríguez-Ariza ◽  
Isabel María García-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Family Firms ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Family Businesses ◽  
Family Ownership ◽  
Logit Models ◽  
Board Size ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sustainability Reports

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze how family ownership influences the strength of the board’s monitoring function in companies’ decisions regarding the assurance of sustainability reports. Design/methodology/approach The international sample consists of 536 companies operating in more stakeholder-oriented countries during the period 2007-2014. The paper proposes alternative logit models of analysis using the random-effects estimator. Findings The results provide evidence that a firm’s sustainability assurance and its choice of accounting professionals as higher quality assurers are positively associated with board size and independence. The main result is the positive impact of family businesses on these assurance issues. The paper evidences the greater orientation toward sustainability issues of family businesses. Furthermore, it verifies the greater impact of board size on family firms’ assurance demand. Originality/value This study sheds some light on the unexplored topic of sustainability assurance in family firms. One of the differentiating aspects with respect to previous studies is the consideration of the moderating factor of family property. This study also contributes to the understanding of family firms’ demand for assurance and its practitioners, and the literature’s focus on its determinants.

Long live the marketing mix. Testing the effectiveness of the commercial marketing mix in a social marketing context

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-375
Author(s):  
Ville Lahtinen ◽  
Timo Dietrich ◽  
Sharyn Rundle-Thiele
Keyword(s):  
Social Marketing ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Marketing Mix ◽  
Life Questionnaire ◽  
Content Type ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
And Control

Purpose The marketing mix has been extensively criticised by scholars and practitioners, which has led marketing scholars to redefine the original 4P concept, expand the 4Ps with additional Ps and develop new concepts to replace the marketing mix. However, there is very limited empirical testing assessing the effectiveness of the original marketing mix (4Ps). Design/methodology/approach This research applies a field experiment to assess whether the application of a full marketing mix (4P) is more effective than a promotion only campaign (1P) when aiming to increase fruit and vegetable (FV) intake of 6–13-year-old Finnish children. A total of 15 schools were randomly assigned to 4P, 1P and control settings. Data was collected from schoolchildren using the Day in the Life Questionnaire. Findings A repeated measures analysis involving 1,076 children demonstrated that a full application of the marketing mix (4P) is more effective than a promotion only (1P) campaign in increasing FV intake within children. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first empirical test of the effectiveness of the commercial marketing mix against a promotion only strategy in social marketing.

scholarly journals Money laundering, food activities and mafia: evidences from the Italian provinces

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Oliva
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fixed And Random Effects ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Italian Provinces ◽  
Instrumental Variables Approach ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

Purpose According to the INTERPOL definition, money laundering is: “any act or attempted act to conceal or disguise the identity of illegally obtained proceeds so that they appear to have originated from legitimate sources”. Along this line, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the link amongst money laundering, mafia and food activities, in the Italian provinces. Design/methodology/approach By using annual data over the period 2010 to 2018, the author estimates balanced panel data using the instrumental variables approach. The analysis includes both fixed and random effects, as well as robustness checks. Findings The main findings of this paper reveal that, in most Italian provinces, money launderers are deterred by the probability of being identified. In particular, the deterrent action of police and investigative forces seems to be very effective. Moreover, the results of the empirical analysis show that mafia-type organisations and food activities are positively correlated with money laundering. Originality/value This paper aims to provide a specific study on the link between apparently legal activities (food and beverage) and money laundering; a link that has so far been analysed mainly on a theoretical level. Moreover, it provides several insights in terms of policy implications.

scholarly journals Specifying Location–Scale Models for Heterogeneous Variances as Multilevel SEMs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel McNeish
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
General Version ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Multilevel Sem ◽  
The Mean

Standard multilevel models focus on variables that predict the mean while the within-group variability is largely treated as a nuisance. Recent work has shown the advantage of including predictors for both the mean (the location submodel) and the variability (the scale submodel) within a single model. Constrained versions of the model can be fit in standard mixed effect model software, but the most general version with random effects in each of the location and scale submodels has been noted for being difficult to fit and estimate in software. However, the latest release of Mplus includes new capabilities that facilitate fitting the general version of the model as a multilevel SEM. This paper introduces the general form of the model that includes location and scale random effects (called the location-scale model) and notes how it can be envisioned as a multilevel SEM. We provide a tutorial with example analyses and Mplus code for the model with two-level cross-sectional data and three-level repeated measures data and discuss how such a model has potential to extend recent developments in organizational science.

Multilevel Models

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradford S. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Data Structures ◽  
Multilevel Model ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Hierarchical Data ◽  
Hierarchical Data Structures ◽  
Fixed And Random Effects

This article addresses multilevel models in which units are nested within one another. The focus is primarily two-level models. It also describes cross-unit heterogeneity. Moreover, it assesses the fixed and random effects from the multilevel model. It generally tries to convey the scope of multilevel models but in a very compact way. Multilevel models provide great promise for exploiting information in hierarchical data structures. There are a range of alternatives for such data and it bears repeating that sometimes, simpler-to-apply correctives are best.

The effect of the COVID-19 crisis on the perception of digitisation in the purchasing process: customers and retailers perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiri Dvorak ◽  
Lenka Komarkova ◽  
Lukas Stehlik
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Internal And External Factors

Purpose The market for goods and services is a continually changing environment influenced by many internal and external factors. The majority of economies in the World were deeply hit by the coronavirus epidemic (COVID-19) in the first half of 2020. This paper aims to contribute to the understanding of the role of a crisis, COVID-19 in this case, in moderating the market environment and its ability to accelerate or slow down ongoing processes. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire survey was used to obtain the opinions of 100 customers and 100 local retailers on the digitisation of the shopping process in a medium-sized Czech town. After the first wave of crisis faded away, the respondents reflected on their opinions before, during and after the crisis. The data were processed using linear mixed models respecting repeated measures. Findings The crisis seems to have shifted the interest of both groups towards e-commerce but it did not change the disproportion in opinions between them. The interest of customers was significantly higher, even after the crisis. Research limitations/implications The credibility of the results is limited mainly by the one-time gathering of the data after the crisis. However, the results indicate a persistent challenge to which small retailers are exposed. Originality/value The originality of the results comes from the specific situation brought about by the COVID-19 crisis and the structure of respondents, enabling us to catch an immediate shift of opinions caused by the crisis and to compare the changes in both groups of respondents.

scholarly journals Catching Up on Multilevel Modeling (in press, Annual Review of Psychology)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesa Hoffman ◽  
Ryan W. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Fixed And Random Effects ◽  
Error Terms ◽  
Introductory Textbooks

The present review focuses on the use of multilevel models in psychology and other social sciences. We target readers aiming to get up to speed on current best practices and sources of controversy in the specification of multilevel models. We first describe common use cases for clustered, longitudinal, and cross-classified designs, as well as their combinations. Using examples from both clustered and longitudinal designs, we then address issues of centering for observed predictor variables: its use in creating interpretable fixed and random effects, its relationship to endogeneity problems (correlations between predictors and model error terms), and its translation into multivariate multilevel models (using latent centering within multilevel structural equation models). Finally, we describe novel extensions—mixed-effects location–scale models—designed for predicting differential amounts of variability. An online supplement provides suggested introductory textbooks for getting started with multilevel modeling.

scholarly journals Effect of interventions to improve adolescents’ nutrition knowledge in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 114 (5) ◽  
pp. 322-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongxu Wang ◽  
Chun Chang ◽  
Donald Stewart ◽  
Ying Ji ◽  
Yuhui Shi
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Nutrition Knowledge ◽  
Control School ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Intervention School ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dependent Samples ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to improve adolescents’ nutrition knowledge and to examine the effect of interventions component to improve adolescents’ nutrition knowledge. Design/methodology/approach – The study design was multi-factorial with repeated measures, at two points in time, of dependent samples from three schools, which were randomly selected from 15 middle schools in Miyun County, Beijing, and then randomly assigned to control school or intervention school. The instrument for baseline survey was a 14-item and for follow-up survey was a 26-item, self-administered, structured questionnaire, designed in Chinese. Findings – Students’ nutrition knowledge improved significantly in intervention schools after intervention compared with controls. The extent to which students felt that peer support activities were helpful and that what they learned in class about nutrition was helpful, was related to their resultant level of nutrition knowledge. Originality/value – To the authors’ knowledge there have been no previous studies which explore the effect of specific intervention components on levels of nutrition knowledge among adolescents.

Short interest in mergers: anomalies in the overvaluation hypothesis

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 972-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean M. Davis ◽  
Jeffrey M. Coy ◽  
Fernando Guillen Solis
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Short Selling ◽  
Share Price ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Acquiring Firms ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Short Interest ◽  
Acquisition Likelihood ◽  
Interest Levels

Purpose High short interest is associated with overvaluation, and the purpose of this paper is to find contradictions to the commonly held “overvaluation hypothesis” when merger and acquisition (M&A) targets are examined. This paper extends the work of Ben-David et al. (2015), who confirm high short interest indicates overvaluation when focused on acquiring firms. Design/methodology/approach Short interest is examined as a predictor of acquisition likelihood using longitudinal data for US firms from 2003 to 2013. How short interest impacts the premiums paid by acquiring firms is examined with target, acquirer and deal characteristics. Findings M&A targets have high short interest and short interest increases acquisition likelihood, suggesting undervaluation. Highly shorted firms also experience outsized reductions in share price prior to merger announcements, and the premiums paid are also significantly predicted by short interest levels. Research limitations/implications Short selling activity can be motivated for reasons other than overvaluation, and many short positions can be held for long periods before they are closed, leading to high short interest levels for extended periods. Therefore, investors and researchers are cautioned that high short interest levels may exist in stocks that have already declined in price and could be poised for a reversal. Originality/value This study adds to the growing body of work indicating that short interest might not be the signal of overvaluation most researchers accept it to be.

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