Working capital requirements of manufacturing SMEs: evidence from emerging economy

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harsh Pratap Singh ◽  
Satish Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Capital Requirements ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Sales Growth ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Financial Leverage ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Operating Cash Flow

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of various factors like profitability, growth opportunity, financial leverage, assets tangibility, operating cash flows, age and size of firm on working capital requirements (WCR) of manufacturing SMEs in India. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses a panel data regression model with fixed and random effect estimations. The data utilized in this study includes financial data of 254 manufacturing SMEs operating in India for the period 2010 to 2014. Findings The overall results of the study indicate that operating cash flow, financial leverage, profitability, sales growth and asset tangibility are the key drivers of WCR for Indian manufacturing SMEs. Profitability of firm and sales growth are found to be positively related to WCR. In contrast, asset tangibility, operating cash flow and financial leverage are found to be negatively related to WCR. Research limitations/implications This paper investigates firm-specific factors while ignoring external factors like GDP growth, business indicators and industry type. Further research can be done to assess the effect of these external factors on WCR. Originality/value This research contributes to the working capital literature by providing empirical evidence on determining factors of WCR in manufacturing SMEs.

scholarly journals Simulation evidence on the properties of alternative measures of working capital accruals

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-394
Author(s):  
Javad Izadi Zadeh Darjezi ◽  
Homagni Choudhury ◽  
Alireza Nazarian
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Accrual Quality ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Uk

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the specification and power of tests based on the DD and modified DD model through the UK data between years 2000 and 2013, and make comparisons with tests using working capital accruals creating a measure of accruals quality as the standard deviation of the residuals value from firm-specific regressions base on working capital accruals on last, current and one-year-ahead cash flows from operations. Design/methodology/approach This study focuses both on the DD model and modified DD model to find out which of them can more accurately capture total working capital accrual estimation error and accrual quality. According to the DD model, the past, current and future net cash from operating activities as the three years’ operating cash inflows or outflows become omitted and correlated variables. In this study, the authors continue to document residuals from the DD and MDD models to demonstrate properties that are more consistent with behaviours of accruals estimation errors. Therefore, in this study, the authors are looking to compare the results from both the MDD and DD models and find which one of them is more effective in explaining the working capital accruals in the UK. Findings The authors find that adding additional explanatory variables may add additional explanatory power of variables to the DD model and extent to which accruals map into cash flow insights based on the UK data. This study is empirically well fitting with the internal workings of cash flows. As investors fixate only on the accounting earnings, they may fail to reflect fully on information contained within cash flow components and working capital accruals of current and future earnings. Originality/value The authors compare different equation to cover more items of working capital accruals. In addition, after examining earnings and accrual quality, the findings show that the average UK company behaviour was quite similar to the behaviour that was founded earlier for both models in the USA. Furthermore, this study results show that more volatility of sales, cash flow, accruals and earnings make a lower accrual quality. The results demonstrate that both models can capture the power to predict working capital accruals. Moreover, we find that adding additional explanatory variable of employee growth rate adds additional explanatory variables to DD model.

The determinants of corporate cash holdings: evidence from Shariah-compliant and non-Shariah-compliant corporations

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Faisal Alnori ◽  
Abdullah Bugshan ◽  
Walid Bakry
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Cash Holdings ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Pecking Order Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Financial Firms ◽  
Operating Cash Flow ◽  
The Difference

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the difference between the determinants of cash holdings of Shariah-compliant and non-Shariah-compliant firms, for non-financial corporations in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).Design/methodology/approachThe data include all non-financial firms listed in six GCC markets over a period 2005–2019. The IdealRatings database is used to identify Shariah-compliant firms in the GCC. To examine the determinants of cash holdings, a static model is used. To confirm the applicability of the method applied, the Breusch–Pagan Lagrange Multiplier (LM) and Hausman (1978) are used to choose the most efficient and consistent static panel regression.FindingsThe results show that, for Shariah-compliant firms, the relevant determinants of cash holdings are leverage, profitability, capital expenditure, net working capital and operating cash flow. For non-Shariah-compliant firms, the only relevant determinants of cash holdings are leverage, net working capital and operating cash flow. The findings suggest that the cash holding decisions of Shariah-compliant firms can be best explained using the pecking order theory. This reveals that Shariah-compliant firms use liquid assets as their first financing option, due to the Shariah regulations.Research limitations/implicationsFuture studies may investigate the optimal levels of cash holdings and compare the adjustment speeds toward target cash holdings of both the Shariah-compliant firms and their conventional counterparts.Originality/valueThis study is the first to investigate the difference between the determinants of cash holdings of Shariah-compliant and non-Shariah-compliant firms.

scholarly journals Effect of Operating Cash Flow on Stock Return of Firms Listed In Nairobi Security Exchange

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
Samoei Ben Kipngetich ◽  
Joel Tenai ◽  
Andrew Kimwolo
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Stock Returns ◽  
Cash Flow ◽  
Stock Return ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Free Cash Flow ◽  
Operating Cash Flow

The main aim of the paper was to establish the effect of operating cash flow on stock return of firms listed in NSE. The study was informed by Free Cash Flow (FCF) theory. Census survey was adapted to review financial statements for 29 listed non-financial firms at NSE that had consistent data for all the study variables. Secondary data was extracted for 12 years from 2007-2019 with the aid of a data collection sheet. Explanatory research design which is panel in nature was followed by this study. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis. Panel data regression was used to make inferences and test research hypothesis. Fixed and Random effects methods were used to analyze the balanced panel data using STATA statistical package and Hausman test established that Random effect model was the most ideal method to analyze data in this study. The findings indicated that operating cash flow positively and significantly influenced the stock returns for firms listed at NSE. The study concludes that operating cash flow information affects stock returns. Therefore, the study advocates for firms to increase their levels of operating cash flows through prudent utilization of cash resources since it enhances the stock returns.

scholarly journals Impact of Operating Cash Flow, Profitability, Financial Leverage, Trading Activities and Liquidity on Financial Distress of Banking Industry of ASEAN Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-132
Author(s):  
Ruqayya Ibraheem ◽  
Ramsha Saleem ◽  
Altaf Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Financial Distress ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking Industry ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Financial Leverage ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
Operating Cash Flow ◽  
Asean Countries

Recently, financial distress has become a significant issue, especially for the banking sector, that is considered as the backbone of the economy. Thus, the present study aim is to examine the effects of operating cash flow, profitability, financial leverage, trading activities and liquidity on financial distress of the banking industry of ASEAN countries. The researchers have extracted the data from the central banks of ASEAN countries for the year 2009 to 2018. The random effect model along with generalized method of moment (GMM) approaches have been used to check the predictors such as operating cash flow, profitability, financial leverage, trading activities and liquidity on financial distress of banking industry of ASEAN countries. The results revealed that all the predictors such as operating cash flow, profitability, financial leverage, trading activities and liquidity have a positive association with the financial distress of the banking industry of ASEAN countries. These outcomes provide the guidelines to the regulation-making authorities that they should enhance their focus on the issue of financial distress that could improve the financial position of the banks along with the country.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Kinerja Perusahaan terhadap Kebutuhan Modal Kerja Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-128
Author(s):  
Eka Putra Pratama ◽  
Arif Darmawan
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Regression Result ◽  
Capital Requirement ◽  
Sales Growth ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Firm Age ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Operating Cash Flow

This study aims to determine the effect of company performance proxied with ROA, Sales Growth, Firm Size, Firm Age, Assets Tangibility, Operating Cash Flow and Leverage to Working Capital Needs (WCR). The data used are secondary data of manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) period 2012-2015. Sampling method using purposive sampling technique. The analysis used is descriptive statistic, panel data regression. Result of research found ROA have a significant positive effect to working capital requirement. Firm Size, Assets Tangibility, and Leverage have a significant negative effect on working capital requirement. Sales Growth, Firm Age, and Operating Cash Flow have no effect on working capital requirement. This research can be used as a consideration of the company to further improve the performance of the company and pay attention to the factors of determination of working capital needs, so that the working capital needs of the company can be fulfilled and optimal.  

scholarly journals The role of accrual estimation errors to determine accrual and earnings quality

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javad Izadi Zadeh Darjezi
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Cash Flow ◽  
Earnings Quality ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Accrual Quality ◽  
Content Type

Purpose Managers, investors and security analysts all pay special attention to the bottom line of income statements and they miss significant information included in accruals about the quality of earnings. A considerable portion of the earnings-quality literature examines the possibility of using the accruals to shift reported income among fiscal periods. One of the main roles of working-capital accruals is to adjust the recognition of cash flows. This paper aims to focus on earnings quality by examining the working-capital accruals quality using the method of Dechow and Dichev (2002). Design/methodology/approach Following the Dechow and Dichev (2002) model, the result of this paper shows that accrual quality is related to the absolute magnitude of accruals negatively. Also, the standard deviation of accruals, cash flows, sales and earnings is positively related to firm size. The result demonstrates and suggests that these observable firm characteristics can be used as instruments for measuring accrual quality. According to this framework, the author expects that the larger the unsigned abnormal accrual measure, the lower the earnings quality. Therefore, firms with low accrual quality have more accruals that are unrelated to cash flow realisations and so have more noise and less persistence in their earnings. Findings After examining earnings and accrual quality, this paper finds that average UK company behaviour was quite similar to the behaviour found earlier in the USA. This paper’s findings show that greater volatility of sales, cash flow, accruals and earnings results in a lower accrual quality. Without a doubt, some of the analysis in this paper, especially that using different equations to calculate working-capital accruals, leads us to a valuable improvement of the earlier studies. Originality/value In this paper, the author follows the method of Dechow and Dichev (2002) and define accrual quality as the extent to which accruals map into cash-flow insights based on the UK data. To find the quality of working-capital accruals, the author uses the standard deviation of the residuals as accrual quality that resulted from the author’s firm-specific OLS regressions of working-capital accruals based on last, current and one-year-ahead operating cash flow. Unlike prior research, to avoid a restriction to working-capital accruals, we use different equations to cover more items of working-capital accruals.

scholarly journals The Effect of Firm Size on Predictability Future Cash Flows Using Earnings and Operating Cash Flows

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Nasrollah Takhtaei ◽  
Hassan Karimi
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Operating Cash Flows ◽  
Relative Ability ◽  
Operating Cash Flow ◽  
Future Cash Flows

The aim of this research is to investigate earnings relative ability, operating cash flow, and two traditional criteria of cash flow, that is, net earnings plus depreciation and operating working capital in predicting operating future cash flows. Further, the effect of firm size on the ability to predict these criteria is investigated in this research. The sample firms contain listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) over the period 2005-2009. The results show that net earnings relative to operating cash flows and its traditional criteria have greater ability to predict future cash flows in small firms whereas operating cash flows compared with other criteria are better predictors in big firms. Results indicate thatthe predictability of all models increases considerably when firm size increases.  

Value-Glamour and Accruals Mispricing: One Anomaly or Two?

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemang Desai ◽  
Shivaram Rajgopal ◽  
Mohan Venkatachalam
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Abnormal Returns ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Sales Growth ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Operating Cash Flows ◽  
Accruals Anomaly ◽  
Glamour Stocks

We investigate whether the accruals anomaly is a manifestation of the glamour stock phenomenon documented in the finance literature. Value (glamour) stocks, characterized by low (high) past sales growth, high (low) book-to-market (B/M), high (low) earnings-to-price (E/P), and high (low) cash flow-to-price (C/P), are known to earn positive (negative) future abnormal returns. Note that “C” or cash flow is operationalized in the finance literature as earnings adjusted for depreciation. Sloan (1996) shows that firms with low (high) total accruals earn positive (negative) future abnormal returns. We find that a new variable, operating cash flows measured as earnings adjusted for depreciation and working capital accruals, scaled by price (CFO/P) captures mispricing attributed to the four traditional value-glamour proxies and accruals. Interpretation of this finding depends on the reader's priors. If the reader believes that value-glamour phenomenon can be operationalized only as C/P, and not CFO/P, then one would conclude that CFO/P is a parsimonious variable that captures the mispricing attributes of two distinct anomalies, value glamour and accruals. However, if a reader views the value-glamour anomaly broadly as a fundamentals-to-price anomaly, then (1) the CFO/P variable can be considered an expanded value-glamour proxy and; (2) our results are consistent with Beaver's (2002) conjecture that the accruals anomaly is the glamour stock phenomenon in disguise.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND OPERATIONAL CASH FLOWS OF COMPANIES ACCEPTED IN TEHRAN SECURITIES EXCHANGE

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 625-632
Author(s):  
Ali Asghar Sameni ◽  
Razieh Fakour
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Cash Flow ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Capital Management ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Working Capital Management ◽  
Operating Profit ◽  
Operating Cash Flow ◽  
The Difference

Purposes: Working capital management can have a huge impact on financial performance and operational cash flows. In this research, the effect of working capital management components on financial performance and operating cash flows have been investigated. Methodology: The data used in this study are financial statements of companies listed in Tehran securities exchange for the period 2007 to 2011. Results: The difference between sales and operating profit as a benchmark for measuring performance and the difference between operating cash flow and operating profit as a measure of operating cash flow has been used. Regression results show that there is no meaningful relationship between the components of working capital management with financial performance and operating cash flow. Implications/Applications: Net income represents the change in a business's financial circumstances incurred through that business choosing to run its revenue-producing operations for one specific time period. Because the business cannot choose to run its revenue-producing operations without incurring expenses while doing so, net income is equal to revenues minus expenses. Expenses are often divided up into additional categories for ease of comprehension. Revenues minus cost of sales is equal to gross profit; gross profit minus operating expenses is equal to operating profit. Novelty/Originality: The novelty of this study is a balance between current assets and current liabilities, as well as maintaining a balance between profitability and liquidity which can serve a great purpose in the economy.

scholarly journals Net trade credit: what are the determinants?

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Godfred Adjapong Afrifa ◽  
Ernest Gyapong
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Trade Credit ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Bank Credit ◽  
Sales Growth ◽  
Industry Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Operating Cash Flow ◽  
The Uk

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to extend the literature on trade receivables and trade payables by examining the determinants of net trade credit. Design/methodology/approach To do that, a sample of 67,047 firms in the UK with 443,190 firm year observations is used. Findings The results are robust to unobserved heterogeneity and industry effects. The evidence suggests that firms with more inventories, market share and are financially distressed invest less in trade credit. Moreover, higher operating cash flow, annual sales growth, export propensity, access to bank credit and larger firms lead to higher investment in trade credit. Originality/value Additionally, the paper broadens the scope of the literature by analysing the determinants of net trade credit around the financial crisis and industry competitiveness.

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