SiGe BiCMOS Precision Voltage References for Extreme Temperature Range Electronics

Ceramic column grid array packages have been increasing in use based on their advantages such as high interconnect density, very good thermal and electrical performance, compatibility with standard surface-mount packaging assembly processes, and so on. CCGA packages are used in space applications such as in logic and microprocessor functions, telecommunications, flight avionics, and payload electronics. As these packages tend to have less solder joint strain relief than leaded packages, the reliability of CCGA packages is very important for short-term and long-term space missions. CCGA interconnect electronic package printed wiring boards (PWBs) of polyimide have been assembled, inspected nondestructively, and subsequently subjected to extreme temperature thermal cycling to assess the reliability for future deep space, short- and long-term, extreme temperature missions. In this investigation, the employed temperature range covers from −185°C to +125°C extreme thermal environments. The test hardware consists of two CCGA717 packages with each package divided into four daisy-chained sections, for a total of eight daisy chains to be monitored. The CCGA717 package is 33 mm × 33 mm with a 27 × 27 array of 80%/20% Pb/Sn columns on a 1.27 mm pitch. The resistance of daisy-chained, CCGA interconnects was continuously monitored as a function of thermal cycling. Electrical resistance measurements as a function of thermal cycling are reported and the tests to date have shown significant change in daisy chain resistance as a function of thermal cycling. The change in interconnect resistance becomes more noticeable as the number of thermal cycles increases. This paper will describe the experimental test results of CCGA testing under extreme temperatures. Standard Weibull analysis tools were used to extract the Weibull parameters to understand the CCGA failures. Optical inspection results clearly indicate that the solder joints of columns with the board and the ceramic package have failed as a function of thermal cycling. The first failure was observed at the 137th thermal cycle and 63.2% failures of daisy chains have occurred by about 664 thermal cycles. The shape parameter extracted from the Weibull plot was about 1.47, which indicates the failures were related to failures that occurred during the flat region or useful life region of the standard bathtub curve. Based on this experimental test data, one can use the CCGAs for the temperature range studied for ∼100 thermal cycles (ΔT = 310°C, 5°C/minute, and 15 min dwell) with a high degree of confidence for high reliability space and other applications.

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Extreme temperature range microelectronics

Microelectronics Journal ◽

10.1016/s0026-2692(80)80331-4 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 42

Keyword(s):

Extreme Temperature ◽

Temperature Range

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Development of an extreme temperature range silicon carbide power module for aerospace applications

2008 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference ◽

10.1109/pesc.2008.4591943 ◽

2008 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Dimosthenis C. Katsis ◽

Yunqi Zheng

Keyword(s):

Silicon Carbide ◽

Extreme Temperature ◽

Power Module ◽

Temperature Range ◽

Aerospace Applications

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Extreme Temperature Range Microelectronics

IEEE Transactions on Components Hybrids and Manufacturing Technology ◽

10.1109/tchmt.1978.1135312 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 333-340 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

D. Palmer ◽

R. Heckman

Keyword(s):

Extreme Temperature ◽

Temperature Range

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Major Breakthrough in Load Capacity, Speed and Operating Temperature of Foil Thrust Bearings

World Tribology Congress III, Volume 2 ◽

10.1115/wtc2005-63712 ◽

2005 ◽

Author(s):

Hooshang Heshmat

Keyword(s):

Gas Turbines ◽

High Speed ◽

Operating Temperature ◽

Load Capacity ◽

Extreme Temperature ◽

Free System ◽

Thrust Bearings ◽

Temperature Range ◽

Foil Bearings ◽

Temperature Capability

This paper describes major breakthroughs in foil thrust bearings achieving a thrust load capacity in excess of 570 kPa (83 psi), supersonic tip speed of 625 m/s (2050 ft/s) and temperature capability of 815 °C (1500 °F). Compliant foil bearings surpass many of the inherently show-stopping and debilitating features of rolling element bearings. Foil Bearings not only provide an environmentally-friendly, oil-free system of support, but are also well suited for high speed and extreme temperature applications such as gas turbines, compressors, turbochargers, cryogenic-turbopumps, turboexpanders, high speed motors and others. Modern foil bearings have demonstrated stable operational capabilities at super-critical speeds due to their tribodamping intrinsicality and ability to operate with any process fluid (gas or liquid). Recent developments have allowed increased operating temperatures, soaring to 815 °C and above, thus, providing a broader operational temperature range from deep cryogenic to extreme high temperatures. Foil journal bearings received more research and development attention in the past, achieving load capacity of 670 kPa (97 psi), reported by Heshmat in 1994. Foil thrust bearings’ load capacity at that time was in the range of 150 kPa to 200 kPa (20–30 psi) and their temperature capability was ambient to 150 °C (300 °F). This paper discusses a recent major breakthrough in the improvement of the load capacity, high speed capability of compliant foil thrust bearings, as well as extending their operating temperature range to 815 °C. Applying the available analytical tools and newly developed coatings, new thrust bearings have been designed with improved bearing geometry and structural compliancy. The advancement in solid lubricant coatings provided excellent tolerance to intermittent high-speed rubs, thus, making the bearings more robust against shock and extreme loadings. These advanced bearings, with outer diameters ranging from 90 mm to 230 mm, demonstrated a load capacity of 570 kPa (82.7 psi) at 200 m/s runner tip speed. This achievement constitutes two-fold improvement over any state-of-the-art hydrodynamic foil thrust bearings ever reported in the literatures and significantly expands the envelope of possible bearing applications. Improving the bearing load capacity at speeds near Mach 1.6 and higher is also discussed, as well as hydrodynamic operation of a foil thrust pad at 815 °C.

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