Efficient Codebook and Factorization for Second Order Representation Learning

The topdown determined visual object perception refers to the ability of a person to identify a prespecified visual target. This paper studies the technical foundation for measuring the target-perceptual ability in a guided visual search task, using the EEG-based brain imaging technique. Specifically, it focuses on the feature representation learning problem for single-trial classification of fixation-related potentials (FRPs). The existing methods either capture only first-order statistics while ignoring second-order statistics in data, or directly extract second-order statistics with covariance matrices estimated with raw FRPs that suffer from low signal-to-noise ratio. In this paper, we propose a new representation learning pipeline involving a low-level convolution subnetwork followed by a high-level Riemannian manifold subnetwork, with a novel midlevel pooling layer bridging them. In this way, the discriminative power of the first-order features can be increased by the convolution subnetwork, while the second-order information in the convolutional features could further be deeply learned with the subsequent Riemannian subnetwork. In particular, the temporal ordering of FRPs is well preserved for the components in our pipeline, which is considered to be a valuable source of discriminant information. The experimental results show that proposed approach leads to improved classification performance and robustness to lack of data over the state-of-the-art ones, thus making it appealing for practical applications in measuring the target-perceptual ability of cognitively impaired patients with the FRP technique.

Download Full-text

An optogenetic analogue of second-order reinforcement in Drosophila

Biology Letters ◽

10.1098/rsbl.2019.0084 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 20190084 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Christian König ◽

Afshin Khalili ◽

Thomas Niewalda ◽

Shiqiang Gao ◽

Bertram Gerber

Keyword(s):

Mushroom Body ◽

Second Order ◽

Choice Test ◽

Third Order ◽

Kenyon Cells ◽

Subsequent Choice ◽

Ascending Pathways ◽

Order Representation ◽

Increased Activity ◽

Reduced Activity

In insects, odours are coded by the combinatorial activation of ascending pathways, including their third-order representation in mushroom body Kenyon cells. Kenyon cells also receive intersecting input from ascending and mostly dopaminergic reinforcement pathways. Indeed, in Drosophila , presenting an odour together with activation of the dopaminergic mushroom body input neuron PPL1-01 leads to a weakening of the synapse between Kenyon cells and the approach-promoting mushroom body output neuron MBON-11. As a result of such weakened approach tendencies, flies avoid the shock-predicting odour in a subsequent choice test. Thus, increased activity in PPL1-01 stands for punishment , whereas reduced activity in MBON-11 stands for predicted punishment . Given that punishment-predictors can themselves serve as punishments of second order, we tested whether presenting an odour together with the optogenetic silencing of MBON-11 would lead to learned odour avoidance, and found this to be the case. In turn, the optogenetic activation of MBON-11 together with odour presentation led to learned odour approach. Thus, manipulating activity in MBON-11 can be an analogue of predicted, second-order reinforcement.

Download Full-text

Second-Order Representation of Signals

Proceedings in Life Sciences - Localization and Orientation in Biology and Engineering ◽

10.1007/978-3-642-69308-3_6 ◽

1984 ◽

pp. 38-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. M. H. J. Aertsen ◽

P. I. M. Johannesma ◽

J. Bruijns ◽

P. W. M. Koopman

Keyword(s):

Second Order ◽

Order Representation

Download Full-text

Laguerre-Gramian-based structure-preserving model order reduction for second-order form systems

Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control ◽

10.1177/01423312211050732 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 014233122110507

Author(s):

Liu Dai ◽

Zhi-Hua Xiao ◽

Ren-Zheng Zhang ◽

Yao-Lin Jiang

Keyword(s):

Model Order Reduction ◽

Order Reduction ◽

Second Order ◽

Low Rank ◽

Main Task ◽

Model Order ◽

Structure Preserving ◽

First Order ◽

Order Form ◽

Order Representation

A new structure-preserving model order reduction technique based on Laguerre-Gramian for second-order form systems is presented in this article. The main task of the proposed approach is to use the Laguerre polynomial expansion of the matrix exponential function to obtain the approximate low-rank decomposition of the Gramians for the equivalent first-order representation of the original second-order form system. The approximate balanced system is generated by a balancing transformation which is directly computed from the expansion coefficients of impulse responses in the space spanned by Laguerre polynomials, without computing the full Gramians for the first-order representation. Then, the reduced second-order model is constructed by truncating the states with small approximate Hankel singular values (HSVs). The above method has a disadvantage that it may unexpectedly result in unstable systems although the original one is stable. Therefore, modified reduction procedure combined with the dominant subspace projection method is presented to alleviate the limitation. Finally, two numerical experiments are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithms.

Download Full-text

“You keep telling us different things, what do we believe?”

Pragmatics and Society ◽

10.1075/ps.00014.mus ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 32-48

Author(s):

Andreas Musolff

Keyword(s):

Second Order ◽

The Other ◽

Common Features ◽

Linguistic Pragmatics ◽

Other Hand ◽

Police Interviews ◽

Criminal Charge ◽

Order Representation ◽

The One ◽

A Charge

Abstract Quotation and reflective interpretation of previous statements are common features in police interviews. Of particular importance is the uncovering of apparent contradictions between earlier and current responses in interviews of suspects. Conflicting statements can be used by officers as triggers to elicit new responses that explain inconsistencies. In linguistic pragmatics, such reflective commenting on utterances is categorised as metacommunication, i.e. ‘communication about communication’, which includes metarepresentation, i.e. second-order representation of another representation through some form of quotation. Such instances of metacommunication are key instances of negotiating the communicative interests of its chief participants, which in suspect interviews consist on the one hand in the interviewers’ purpose of establishing grounds for a potential criminal charge and, on the other hand, the interviewee’s interest in avoiding such a charge. This article analyses exemplary cases of metacommunication in multilingual police interviews from the perspective of quotation pragmatics. The results suggest that police interview training should pay special attention to this area in order to optimise cognitive results.

Download Full-text

Fashion, Feminisme dan Hubungan Internasional : Perdebatan dalam Literatur

Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional ◽

10.26593/jihi.v17i1.4220.17-29 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 17-29

Author(s):

Ani Soetjipto ◽

Ayu Chandra

Keyword(s):

Pop Culture ◽

Second Order ◽

Order Representation

Artikel ini akan membahas bagaimana fashion dikaji melalui kaca mata feminis dalam studi Hubungan Internasional. Artikel ini hadir dengan melihat fashion sebagai salah satu produk dari pop culture, telah berperan signifikan dalam mendorong upaya pencapaian kepentingan suatu aktor politik—terutama sebagai alat konstruksi identitas. Kajian ini juga mendorong perkembangan kajian mengenai pop culture dalam studi Hubungan Internasional. Bahasan dibuka dengan menyajikan perdebatan literatur mengenai fashion dan feminisme. kemudian dilanjut dengan bagaimana narasi perdebatan tersebut dijabarkan dalam konteks Hubungan Internasional. Selanjutnya, melihat masalah fashion, feminisme dan Hubungan Internasional dalam konteks Indonesia dari segi produksi dan konsumsi. Artikel ini menawarkan perspektif baru dalam melihat fashion sebagai second-order representation dari politik internasional yang berdampak pada isu di ranah domestik.

Download Full-text

Disappearance Voltage Determinations Using a Convergent Beam

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100064979 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 184-185

Author(s):

W. L. Bell

Keyword(s):

Second Order ◽

Objective Method ◽

Uniform Thickness ◽

Rocking Curve ◽

Crystal Perfection ◽

Kikuchi Line ◽

Central Maximum ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Convergent Beam ◽

Beam Technique

Disappearance voltages for second order reflections can be determined experimentally in a variety of ways. The more subjective methods, such as Kikuchi line disappearance and bend contour imaging, involve comparing a series of diffraction patterns or micrographs taken at intervals throughout the disappearance range and selecting that voltage which gives the strongest disappearance effect. The estimated accuracies of these methods are both to within 10 kV, or about 2-4%, of the true disappearance voltage, which is quite sufficient for using these voltages in further calculations. However, it is the necessity of determining this information by comparisons of exposed plates rather than while operating the microscope that detracts from the immediate usefulness of these methods if there is reason to perform experiments at an unknown disappearance voltage.The convergent beam technique for determining the disappearance voltage has been found to be a highly objective method when it is applicable, i.e. when reasonable crystal perfection exists and an area of uniform thickness can be found. The criterion for determining this voltage is that the central maximum disappear from the rocking curve for the second order spot.

Download Full-text