An AODV-Based Routing Scheme for Large-Scale Bluetooth Low-Energy Mesh Networks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Hussein ◽  
Reham Tarek ◽  
Haytham Osama ◽  
Rana Fawzy ◽  
Khaled Elsayed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Mesh Networks ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Bluetooth Low Energy ◽  
Routing Scheme

scholarly journals Bluetooth Low Energy Mesh Networks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rizwan Ghori ◽  
Tat-Chee Wan
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Mesh Networks ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Mesh Network ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Bluetooth Low Energy ◽  
Mesh Topology ◽  
Reliable Communications ◽  
Iot Devices

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Mesh Networks enable flexible and reliable communications for low-power Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Most BLE-based mesh protocols are implemented as overlays on top of the standard Bluetooth star topologies while using piconets and scatternets. Nonetheless, mesh topology support has increased the vulnerability of BLE to security threats, since a larger number of devices can participate in a BLE Mesh network. To address these concerns, BLE version 5 enhanced existing BLE security features to deal with various authenticity, integrity, and confidentiality issues. Despite of the BLE version 5 security enhancements, viable IDS solutions for BLE Mesh networks remain a nascent research area.

scholarly journals Efficient Communication Scheme for Bluetooth Low Energy in Large Scale Applications

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 6371
Author(s):  
Maciej Nikodem ◽  
Mariusz Slabicki ◽  
Marek Bawiec
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Typical Application ◽  
Bluetooth Low Energy ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Communication Scheme ◽  
Improve Device ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The use of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) in the Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications has become widespread and popular. This has resulted in the increased number of deployed BLE devices. To ensure energy efficiency, applications use connectionless communication where nodes broadcast information using advertisement messages. As the BLE devices compete for access to spectrum, collisions are inevitable and methods that improve device coexistence are required. This paper proposes a connectionless communication scheme for BLE that improves communication efficiency in IoT applications where a large number of BLE nodes operate in the same area and communicate simultaneously to a central server. The proposed scheme is based on an active scanning mode and is compared with a typical application where passive scanning mode is used. The evaluation is based on numerical simulations and real-life evaluation of a network containing 150 devices. The presented scheme significantly reduces the number of messages transmitted by each node and decreases packet loss ratio. It also improves the energy efficiency and preserves the battery of BLE nodes as they transmit fewer radio messages and effectively spent less time actively communicating. The proposed connectionless BLE communication scheme can be applied to a large variety of IoT applications improving their performance and coexistence with other devices operating in the 2.4 GHz band. Additionally, the implementation complexity and costs of the proposed communication scheme are negligible.

scholarly journals Optimization of the AODV-Based Packet Forwarding Mechanism for BLE Mesh Networks

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 2274
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rizwan Ghori ◽  
Tat-Chee Wan ◽  
Gian Chand Sodhy ◽  
Amna Rizwan
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mesh Networks ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Bluetooth Low Energy ◽  
Aodv Protocol ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Message Broadcasting ◽  
Multihop Communications

The standard Bluetooth Low-Energy mesh networks assume the use of flooding for multihop communications. The flooding approach causes network overheads and delays due to continuous message broadcasting in the absence of a routing mechanism. Among the routing protocols, AODV is one of the most popular and robust routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks. In this paper, we optimized the AODV protocol for Bluetooth Low-Energy communication to make it more efficient in comparison to the mesh protocol. With the proposed protocol (Optimized AODV (O-AODV)), we were able to achieve lower overheads, end-to-end delay, and average per-hop one-way delay in comparison to the BLE mesh (flooding) protocol and AODV protocol for all three scenarios (linear topology with ten nodes, multipath topology with six and ten nodes). In addition, the proposed protocol exhibited practically constant route requests and route reply setup times. Furthermore, the proposed protocol demonstrated a better Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) for O-AODV (84%) in comparison to AODV (71%), but lower than the PDR of the mesh (flooding) protocol with 93%.

scholarly journals Energy and performance costs evaluation for BLE mesh links

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique Carvalho Silva ◽  
Cíntia Borges Margi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mesh Networks ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Large Scale Networks ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE for short) is among the favorites to become a de facto standard in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT). However, its main challenge is the lack of standards for efficient mesh networking. Furthermore, the literature lacks works analyzing energy consumption trade-offs for BLE mesh networks. We address this issue by experimentally evaluating three minimal topologies for linking separate BLE star networks. We aim to determine a lower boundary in terms of energy and performance costs using the metrics of energy consumption, delivery rate, and goodput. We perform our experiments using a testbed comprised of TI CC1350 nodes running Contiki OS. Our results enable us to estimate similar costs for large scale networks.

scholarly journals Neighbor Discovery for IPv6 over BLE Mesh Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1844
Author(s):  
Bingqing Luo ◽  
Zhixin Sun ◽  
Yu Pang ◽  
Awais Ahmad ◽  
Jinzhao Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mesh Networks ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Neighbor Discovery ◽  
City Management ◽  
Bluetooth Low Energy ◽  
Ipv6 Address ◽  
Distance Communication ◽  
Seamless Connection ◽  
Neighbor Discovery Protocol

IPv6 over Bluetooth Low Energy (6LoBLE) can realize the seamless connection between Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) devices and the Internet, solve the restrictions on Bluetooth applications as short distance communication solutions, and advance the development of applications of smart cities, such as smart buildings and smart city management. Since neighbor discovery is the first step for BLE devices to establish a connection with each other, this paper proposes a novel neighbor discovery protocol for IPv6 over BLE mesh networks, including the structure of IPv6 over BLE mesh networks, the networking solutions, and IPv6 address auto-configuration and update mechanism. Furthermore, we analyze and simulate the performance of the neighbor discovery protocol utilizing the Revierbed simulator, and the results show the effectiveness of the proposed neighbor discovery protocol even in a crowded environment.

scholarly journals Experimental Evaluation of Advertisement-Based Bluetooth Low Energy Communication

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Nikodem ◽  
Marek Bawiec
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Angle Of Arrival ◽  
Communication Performance ◽  
Bluetooth Low Energy ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

This paper addresses the efficiency of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication in a network composed of a large number of tags that transmit information to a single hub using advertisement mode. Theoretical results show that the use of advertisements enables hundreds and thousands of BLE devices to coexist in the same area and at the same time effectively transmit messages. Together with other properties (low power consumption, medium communication range, capability to detect a signal’s angle-of-arrival, etc.), this makes BLE a competing technology for the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. However, as the number of communicating devices increases, the advertisement collision intensifies and the communication performance of BLE drops. This phenomena was so far analyzed theoretically, in simulations and in small-scale experiments, but large-scale experiments are not presented in the literature. This paper complements previous results and presents an experimental evaluation of a real IoT-use case, which is the deployment of over 200 tags communicating using advertisements. We evaluate the impact of the number of advertisements on the effective data reception rate and throughput. Despite the advertisement collision rate in our experiment varying between 0.22 and 0.33, we show that BLE, thanks to the multiple transmission of advertisements, can still ensure acceptable data reception rates and fulfill the requirements of a wide range of IoT applications.

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