Data prediction for cases of incorrect data in multi-node electrocardiogram monitoring

The development of a mesh topology in multi-node electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring based on the ZigBee protocol still has limitations. When more than one active ECG node sends a data stream, there will be incorrect data or damage due to a failure of synchronization. The incorrect data will affect signal interpretation. Therefore, a mechanism is needed to correct or predict the damaged data. In this study, the method of expectation-maximization (EM) and regression imputation (RI) was proposed to overcome these problems. Real data from previous studies are the main modalities used in this study. The ECG signal data that has been predicted is then compared with the actual ECG data stored in the main controller memory. Root mean square error (RMSE) is calculated to measure system performance. The simulation was performed on 13 ECG waves, each of them has 1000 samples. The simulation results show that the EM method has a lower predictive error value than the RI method. The average RMSE for the EM and RI methods is 4.77 and 6.63, respectively. The proposed method is expected to be used in the case of multi-node ECG monitoring, especially in the ZigBee application to minimize errors.

Defect-controlled softness, diffusive permeability, and mesh-topology of metallo-supramolecular hydrogels

In a model 4-arm pEG supramolecular network, connectivity defects are systematically introduced with different ratios of 8-arm pEG, resulting in intra-molecular loops, and providing a softer polymer network and higher self-diffusion coefficients.

Comparative Performance Analysis of Selected Routing Algorithms by Load Variation of 2-Dimensional Mesh Topology Based Network-On-Chip

Network-on-Chip (NoC) has been proposed as a viable solution to the communication challenges on System-on-Chips (SoCs). As the communication paradigm of SoC, NoCs performance depends mainly on the type of routing algorithm chosen. In this paper different categories of routing algorithms were compared. These include XY routing, OE turn model adaptive routing, DyAD routing and Age-Aware adaptive routing. By varying the load at different Packet Injection Rate (PIR) under random traffic pattern, comparison was conducted using a 4 × 4 mesh topology. The Noxim simulator, a cycle accurate systemC based simulator was employed. The packets were modeled as a Poisson distribution; first-in-first-out (FIFO) input buffer channel with a depth of five (5) flits and a flit size of 32 bits; and a packet size of 3 flits respectively. The simulation time was 10,000 cycles. The findings showed that the XY routing algorithm performed better when the PIR is low. In a similar vein, the DyAD routing and Age-aware algorithms performed better when the load i.e. PIR is high.

Distributed Denial of Service Attacks Detection and Mitigation in Software Defined Mesh Networks

Networks configured in Mesh topology provide Network security in the form of redundancy of communication links. But redundancy also contributes to complexity in configuration and subsequent troubleshooting. Critical networks like Backbone Networks (used in Cloud Computing) deploy the Mesh topology which provides additional security in terms of redundancy to ensure availability of services. Distributed Denial of Service attacks are one of the most prominent attacks that cause an immense amount of loss of data as well as monetary losses to service providers. This paper proposes a method by which using SDN capabilities and sFlow-RT application, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks is detected and consequently mitigated by using REST API to implement Policy Based Flow Management through the SDN Controller which will help in ensuring uninterrupted services in scenarios of such attacks and also further simply and enhance the management of Mesh architecture-based networks.

An efficient networking solution for extending and controlling wireless sensor networks using low-energy technologies

Wireless sensor networks connect a set of highly flexible wireless devices with small weight and size. They are used to monitor and control the environment by organizing the acquired data at a central device. Constructing fully connected networks using low power consumption sensors, devices, and protocols is one of the main challenges facing wireless sensor networks, especially in places where it is difficult to establish wireless networks in a normal way, such as military areas, archaeological sites, agricultural districts, construction sites, and so on. This paper proposes an approach for constructing and extending Bi-Directional mesh networks using low power consumption technologies inside various indoors and outdoors architectures called “an adaptable Spider-Mesh topology”. The use of ESP-NOW protocol as a communication technology added an advantage of longer communication distance versus a slight increase of consumed power. It provides 15 times longer distance compared to BLE protocol while consuming only twice as much power. Therefore, according to our theoretical and experimental comparisons, the proposed approach could provide higher network coverage while maintaining an acceptable level of power consumption.

Performance Evaluation of Routing Metrics for Community Wireless Mesh Networks

<p>With the growth of different types of Internet traffic there is a compelling need to provide better quality of service, especially, over the increasing number of wireless networks. Expected Transmission Count (ETX) is a high throughput route selection metric that measures link loss ratios. ETX of a path reflects the total number of packet transmissions (including retransmission) required to successfully deliver a data packet along that path. Expected Transmission Time (ETT) is an improvement of ETX. ETT of a path is a measure of the transmission time needed to successfully deliver a packet along the path. ETT measures the loss ratio and the bandwidth of the link. Both, ETX and ETT, in comparison to hop count, provide better route selection for routing protocols widely used in Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs). Using minimum hop count to find the shortest path has been shown to be inadequate for WMNs, as the selected routes often include the weakest links. This thesis presents a performance evaluation comparing hop count, ETX and ETT when used with the Optimized Link State Routing version 2 (OLSRv2) protocol. This study is based on the wireless mesh topology of a suburban residential area in New Zealand, and analyses the performance of three common Internet traffic types in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, jitter and packet loss ratio, and presents findings that are closer to the perspective of what an enduser experiences. Also, a grid network of 121 nodes was used to analyze how the metrics choose paths, the performance changes (for different path lengths) and other conditions that affect the performance of the three metrics.</p>

Performance Evaluation of Routing Metrics for Community Wireless Mesh Networks

<p>With the growth of different types of Internet traffic there is a compelling need to provide better quality of service, especially, over the increasing number of wireless networks. Expected Transmission Count (ETX) is a high throughput route selection metric that measures link loss ratios. ETX of a path reflects the total number of packet transmissions (including retransmission) required to successfully deliver a data packet along that path. Expected Transmission Time (ETT) is an improvement of ETX. ETT of a path is a measure of the transmission time needed to successfully deliver a packet along the path. ETT measures the loss ratio and the bandwidth of the link. Both, ETX and ETT, in comparison to hop count, provide better route selection for routing protocols widely used in Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs). Using minimum hop count to find the shortest path has been shown to be inadequate for WMNs, as the selected routes often include the weakest links. This thesis presents a performance evaluation comparing hop count, ETX and ETT when used with the Optimized Link State Routing version 2 (OLSRv2) protocol. This study is based on the wireless mesh topology of a suburban residential area in New Zealand, and analyses the performance of three common Internet traffic types in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, jitter and packet loss ratio, and presents findings that are closer to the perspective of what an enduser experiences. Also, a grid network of 121 nodes was used to analyze how the metrics choose paths, the performance changes (for different path lengths) and other conditions that affect the performance of the three metrics.</p>

Analisis Kinerja Jaringan Sensor Nirkabel untuk Edge Computing Menggunakan LORA SX1278

<p class="Abstrak">Jaringan Sensor Nirkabel (WSN) adalah salah satu teknologi yang muncul untuk proses deploy dari <em>Internet of Things, Smart System, Machine to Machine networks</em> dan lain sebagainya. Dimana setiap node dari WSN tersebut memiliki kemampuan untuk <em>sensing</em>, komputasi hinga proses pengiriman data. Pemrosesan data secara umum dilakukan pada <em>Cloud</em> atau node lain, hal ini menyebabkan beban kerja dari node lain atau <em>Cloud</em> tersebut menjadi cukup berat. Proses <em>sensing</em> dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan berbagai sensor sesuai kebutuhan, sedangkan teknologi untuk pemrosesan pada node <em>sensing</em> disebut dengan teknologi Edge Computing. Konsep dari <em>Edge Computing</em> adalah bagaimana sebuah node bisa berpikir untuk menyelesaikan masalah atau mengambil keputusan. Kemudian data hasil pengolahan tersebut dikirimkan ke node yang lain untuk diolah lebih lanjut sehingga kinerja dari node lain atau Cloud lebih ringan. Salah satu teknologi dalam pengiriman data yang dapat dipergunakan dengan baik dan kemampuan jarak komunikasinya cukup panjang adalah LoRa. Salah satu topologi untuk WSN yang dinilai sangat baik untuk pengiriman data adalah Mesh, dimana seluruh node dapat berkomunikasi dengan baik. Oleh karena itu pada penelitian ini akan difokuskan untuk melakukan analisis kemampuan LoRa dalam pengiriman data berdasarkan jarak dan besar data. Karena pada implementasinya jarak berdasarkan besar data hasil pengolahan dari Edge Computing cukup bervariasi. Sehingga pada penelitian ini menghasilkan studi kelayakan LoRa sebagai perangkat untuk proses komunikasi pada WSN menggunakan topologi Mesh. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan secara keseluruhan LoRa cukup baik untuk pengiriman data hingga 256 bytes dan jarak 300 meter berdasarkan <em>delay</em>, <em>throughput</em>, RSSI dan SNR sehingga sangat layak untuk diimplementasikan pada <em>Edge Computing</em>.</p><p class="Abstrak"> </p><p class="Abstrak"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p class="Abstract"><em>Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is one of the emerging technologies for the deployment of the Internet of Things, Smart Systems, Machine to Machine networks and so on. Where each node of the WSN has the ability to sensing, computation until the process of sending data. Data processing is generally done on the Cloud or other nodes, this causes the workload of other nodes or the Cloud to be quite heavy. The sensing process can be done by using various sensors as needed, while the technology for processing the sensing node is called Edge Computing technology. The concept of Edge Computing is how a node can think to solve a problem or make a decision. Then the processing data is sent to another node for further processing so that the performance of other nodes or the Cloud is lighter. One of the technologies in sending data that can be used properly and the ability of its long communication distance is LoRa. One of the topologies for WSN that is considered very good for sending data is Mesh, where all nodes can communicate well. Therefore this research will focus on analyzing the ability of LoRa in sending data based on distance and data size. Because in the implementation of the distance based on the large data processing results from Edge Computing is quite varied. So that this research resulted in a feasibility study of LoRa as a device for the communication process at WSN using Mesh topology. Based on the results of research conducted overall LoRa is good enough for sending data up to 256 bytes and a distance of 300 meters based on delay, throughput, RSSI and SNR so it is very feasible to be implemented on Edge Computing.</em></p><p class="Abstrak"><strong><em><br /></em></strong></p>