scholarly journals Optimization of the AODV-Based Packet Forwarding Mechanism for BLE Mesh Networks

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 2274
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rizwan Ghori ◽  
Tat-Chee Wan ◽  
Gian Chand Sodhy ◽  
Amna Rizwan
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mesh Networks ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Bluetooth Low Energy ◽  
Aodv Protocol ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Message Broadcasting ◽  
Multihop Communications

The standard Bluetooth Low-Energy mesh networks assume the use of flooding for multihop communications. The flooding approach causes network overheads and delays due to continuous message broadcasting in the absence of a routing mechanism. Among the routing protocols, AODV is one of the most popular and robust routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks. In this paper, we optimized the AODV protocol for Bluetooth Low-Energy communication to make it more efficient in comparison to the mesh protocol. With the proposed protocol (Optimized AODV (O-AODV)), we were able to achieve lower overheads, end-to-end delay, and average per-hop one-way delay in comparison to the BLE mesh (flooding) protocol and AODV protocol for all three scenarios (linear topology with ten nodes, multipath topology with six and ten nodes). In addition, the proposed protocol exhibited practically constant route requests and route reply setup times. Furthermore, the proposed protocol demonstrated a better Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) for O-AODV (84%) in comparison to AODV (71%), but lower than the PDR of the mesh (flooding) protocol with 93%.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocol on AODV and DSR under Wormhole Attack

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2013) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Wormhole Attack ◽  
Aodv Protocol ◽  
Dynamic Source ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Scalable Network

Todays Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) became a popular issue for scientists, and diverse studies have been made to increase the performance of ad hoc networks. In MANET nodes compromise to forward packets for each other communicate beyond their transmission range. The mobile nodes communicate with each other without any infrastructure. As wireless ad-hoc networks lack an infrastructure, they are exposed to a lot of attacks. One of these attacks called Wormhole Attack that two adversary node collaborate together to transmit the packets in out of band channel. In this paper, performance of Ad hoc on-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Protocol and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol are evaluated in presence of wormhole attack and without wormhole attack with Constant Bit Rate (CBR) traffic under dissimilar scalable network mobility. Also we evaluate effect and compare it with standard protocol in term of Packet Delivery Ratio, throughput and End to End Delay via simulation, using Network Simulation2 (NS2) for our research

scholarly journals Enhancing Reactive Ad Hoc Routing Protocols with Trust

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Yelena Trofimova ◽  
Pavel Tvrdík
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Ad Hoc Routing ◽  
Trust Mechanism ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Hoc Networks

In wireless ad hoc networks, security and communication challenges are frequently addressed by deploying a trust mechanism. A number of approaches for evaluating trust of ad hoc network nodes have been proposed, including the one that uses neural networks. We proposed to use packet delivery ratios as input to the neural network. In this article, we present a new method, called TARA (Trust-Aware Reactive Ad Hoc routing), to incorporate node trusts into reactive ad hoc routing protocols. The novelty of the TARA method is that it does not require changes to the routing protocol itself. Instead, it influences the routing choice from outside by delaying the route request messages of untrusted nodes. The performance of the method was evaluated on the use case of sensor nodes sending data to a sink node. The experiments showed that the method improves the packet delivery ratio in the network by about 70%. Performance analysis of the TARA method provided recommendations for its application in a particular ad hoc network.

scholarly journals A Stable Backup Routing Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 6743
Author(s):  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Gangqiang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Path Selection ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Average Delay ◽  
Heavy Load ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Hoc Networks

High-speed mobility and heavy-load traffic in mobile Ad hoc networks (MANET) may result in frequent topology changes and packet loss. To guarantee packet delivery, a novel stable backup routing (SBR) scheme is put forward in this paper, which consists of the establishment of backup routes and route maintenance. In SBR, backup routes are set up by overhearing MAC signals, and the bit error rate is considered in path selection for improving stability. To repair broken links effectively and reasonably, qualified backup routes are classified into three categories with different priorities, based on which the relevant nodes decide how to reconstruct the forwarding path. Extensive simulations demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms other comparable backup routing mechanisms in terms of packet delivery ratio, average delay and control overhead.

scholarly journals Greedy Data Transportation Scheme with Hard Packet Deadlines for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
HyungJune Lee
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Mobile Node ◽  
Network Services ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc Sensor Networks

We present a greedy data transportation scheme with hard packet deadlines in ad hoc sensor networks of stationary nodes and multiple mobile nodes with scheduled trajectory path and arrival time. In the proposed routing strategy, each stationary ad hoc node en route decides whether to relay a shortest-path stationary node toward destination or a passing-by mobile node that will carry closer to destination. We aim to utilize mobile nodes to minimize the total routing cost as far as the selected route can satisfy the end-to-end packet deadline. We evaluate our proposed routing algorithm in terms of routing cost, packet delivery ratio, packet delivery time, and usability of mobile nodes based on network level simulations. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm fully exploits the remaining time till packet deadline to turn into networking benefits of reducing the overall routing cost and improving packet delivery performance. Also, we demonstrate that the routing scheme guarantees packet delivery with hard deadlines, contributing to QoS improvement in various network services.

scholarly journals Applicability of Overlay Non-Delay Tolerant Position-Based Protocols in Highways and Urban Environments for VANET

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-24
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Ali Al Shugran
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Hop Count ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Delay Tolerant

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) is new sort in wireless ad-hoc networks. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication is one of the main communication paradigms that provide a level of safety and convenience to drivers and passengers on the road. In such environment, routing data packet is challenging due to frequently changed of network topology because of highly dynamic nature of vehicles. Thus, routing in VANETs in require for efficient protocols that guarantee message transmission among vehicles. Numerous routing protocols and algorithms have been proposed or enhanced to solve the aforementioned problems. Many position based routing protocols have been developed for routing messages that have been identified to be appropriate for VANETs. This work explores the performances of selected unicast non-delay tolerant overlay position-based routing protocols. The evaluation has been conducted in highway and urban environment in two different scenarios. The evaluation metrics that are used are Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Void Problem Occurrence (VPO), and Average Hop Count (AHC).

scholarly journals MCDM Approach to Improve the Quality of Broadcasting Technique in Wireless Ad-hoc Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
NAEEM AHMAD ◽  
Shuchi Sethi ◽  
Md Gulzarul Hasan ◽  
Rejaul Karim Barbhuiya
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Scale Down ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Route Query

Abstract Contemporary research work in the field of Wireless Ad-hoc Networks (WANETs) are focused on most important issue of performance, minimize the congestion in the network. A number of research proposals have come up with innovative query transmission approaches in order to scale down congestion, route latency and energy consumption to the feasible extent. It has been shown experimentally that these approaches have mainly focused on checking propagation of route query using query broadcast repealing technique which unfortunately paves way to additional routing overhead. This leads to increased energy-consumption which offsets the benefits. This paper introduces a self-aware query-broadcast approach which is dynamic in nature and obtains desirable path in discovery phase without counterbalancing the advantages reaped from confining the request zones. The proposed approach relies on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which utilizes the routing metrics in estimating the weighing factors for combined weight metrics. For evaluation of the proposed technique, critical and analytical assessment is done in terms of query-diffusion, packet-delivery ratio and route-latency. The results reveal the proposed approach is ideal, optimal and highly practical for application in WANETs.

scholarly journals Performance evaluation for vehicular ad-hoc networks based routing protocols

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1080-1091
Author(s):  
Hussain Falih Mahdi ◽  
Mohammed Salah Abood ◽  
Mustafa Maad Hamdi
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Wireless Router ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Aodv Protocol ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
End To End ◽  
Hoc Networks

VANET is a branch of MANETS, where each vehicle is a node, and a wireless router will run. The vehicles are similar to each other will interact with a wide range of nodes or vehicles and establish a network. VANETs provide us with the infrastructure to build new solutions for improving safety and comfort for drivers and passengers. There are several routing protocols proposed and evaluated for improving VANET's performance. The simulator is preferred over external experience because it is easy, simple, and inexpensive. In this paper, we choose AODV protocol, DSDV protocol, and DSR protocol with five different nodes density. For each protocol, as regards specific parameters like (throughput, packet delivery ratio, and end- to- end delay). On simulators that allow users to build real-time navigation models of simulations using VANET. Tools (SUMO, MOVE, and NS-2) were used for this paper, then graphs were plotted for evaluation using Trace-graph. The results showed the DSR is much higher than AODV and DSDV, In terms of throughput. While DSDV is the best choice because of the low average end to end delay. From the above, we conclude that each strategy has its own negative and positive aspects that make it ideally suited to a particular scenario than other scenarios.

Node Cooperation to Avoid Early Congestion Detection Based on Cross-Layer for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 2322
Author(s):  
Abdalrazak Tareq Rahem ◽  
Mahamod Ismail ◽  
Nor Fadzilah Abdullah ◽  
Mohammed Balfaqih
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Congestion Control ◽  
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Cross Layer ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Node Cooperation ◽  
Hoc Networks

<p><span>The resent application of wireless ad hoc networks (WANET) demands a high and reliable data load. The simultaneous transfer of large amounts of data different nearby sources to nearby destinations in a massive network under these circumstances results in the possibility of network congestion. Congestion is an extremely unwanted condition because it creates extra overhead to the already deeply loaded environment, which ultimately leads to resource exhaustion, and can lead to packet drops and retransmission at either the MAC or upper layers. We present a lightweight congestion control and early avoidance congestion control scheme, which can effective control congestion while keeping overhead to a minimum. This scheme is based on the Cross-layer between the MAC and network layers lead to early detection of congestion. With the help of node cooperation the sender node is triggered to find an alternative route based on TMT. This mechanism controls the network resources rather than the data traffic. Detailed performance results show enhancement in the throughput and packet delivery ratio, as well as a reduction in packet drop. Generally, network performance increases.</span></p>

scholarly journals Video streaming over Ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 863-874
Author(s):  
Othman O. Khalifa ◽  
Diaa Eldin Mustafa Ahmed ◽  
Aisha Hassan Abdalla Hashim ◽  
Mudathir Yagoub
Keyword(s):  
Video Streaming ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Aodv Protocol ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Distance Vector ◽  
Hoc Networks

Video streaming is content sent in compressed form over the netwoks and viwed the users progressively. The transmission of video with the end goal that it can be prepared as consistent and nonstop stream. The point is that to give client support to client at anyplace and at whatever time. Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are considered an attractive nertwork for information transmission in many applications where the customer programme can begin showing the information before the whole record has been transmitted. Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol is considered as one of the most important routing protocols in MANET. However, routing protocols assume a crucial part in transmission of information over the network. This paper investigates the performance of AODV Routing Protocol under video traffic over PHY IEEE 802.11g. The protocol model was developed in OPNET. Different outcomes from simulation based models are analyzed and appropriate reasons are also discussed. A different scenarios of video streaming were used. The metric in terms of throughput, end to end delay, packet delivery ratio and routing overhead were measured. A comparision with GRP and GRP are also reported.

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