scholarly journals Low cost volume sensors for mechanical ventilators

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1083-1089
Author(s):  
CAIO ARAUJO DAMASCENO ◽  
AYLSON LOPES LEAL ◽  
GABRYEL FIGUEIREDO SOARES ◽  
GUSTAVO RETUCI PINHEIRO ◽  
LUAN DA SILVA BEZERRA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators

scholarly journals 10D: Feasibility Study of a Novel Low-cost Brazilian Emergency Mechanical Ventilator

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uri Adrian Prync Flato ◽  
Patricia C. dos Santos ◽  
Fábio Manhoso ◽  
Fernanda Mesquita Serva ◽  
Jeferson Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Mechanical Ventilator ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Group I ◽  
Emergency Transport ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii

Abstract Background: The current need for pulmonary mechanical ventilation related to COVID-19 exceeds the ability of health systems worldwide to acquire and produce mechanical ventilators. The major cause of mortality in patients with this disease is hypoxemia secondary to an inflammatory storm in the lungs associated with thrombotic events. A partnership was established between the university and the private engineering and industrial automation sector to concept and design novel a low-cost emergency mechanical ventilator that could be rapidly available for use in emergency, transport or low-resource health care system, and attend the urgent demand of artificial respiratory system that is need worldwide. It was evaluated the viability of oxygenation and pulmonary ventilation with an emergency mechanical ventilation device called 10D-EMV in animal experiments. A two-stage sequential adaptive study was conducted in 10 sheep, divided into group I (PEEP valve close to the device) and group II (PEEP valve distal to the device). Each animal underwent mechanical ventilation for a total of 120 minutes. Results: The mean oxygenation in group I and group II were 368 mmHg and 366 mmHg, respectively, while the mean partial pressure of carbon dioxide was 58 mmHg and 48 mmHg. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the viability of the 10D device as a novel proposed emergency mechanical ventilator, in order to attend the pandemics demand. Further clinical studies in humans are needed to assess its safety and efficacy.

scholarly journals Low-cost, easy-to-build noninvasive pressure support ventilator for under-resourced regions: open source hardware description, performance and feasibility testing

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 2000846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onintza Garmendia ◽  
Miguel A. Rodríguez-Lazaro ◽  
Jorge Otero ◽  
Phuong Phan ◽  
Alexandrina Stoyanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Bench Test ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Low Middle Income Countries ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Hardware Description ◽  
Commercial Device ◽  
Open Source Hardware

AimCurrent pricing of commercial mechanical ventilators in low-/middle-income countries (LMICs) markedly restricts their availability, and consequently a considerable number of patients with acute/chronic respiratory failure cannot be adequately treated. Our aim was to design and test an affordable and easy-to-build noninvasive bilevel pressure ventilator to allow a reduction in the serious shortage of ventilators in LMICs.MethodsThe ventilator was built using off-the-shelf materials available via e-commerce and was based on a high-pressure blower, two pressure transducers and an Arduino Nano controller with a digital display (total retail cost <75 USD), with construction details provided open source for free replication. The ventilator was evaluated, and compared with a commercially available device (Lumis 150 ventilator; Resmed, San Diego, CA, USA): 1) in the bench setting using an actively breathing patient simulator mimicking a range of obstructive/restrictive diseases; and b) in 12 healthy volunteers wearing high airway resistance and thoracic/abdominal bands to mimic obstructive/restrictive patients.ResultsThe designed ventilator provided inspiratory/expiratory pressures up to 20/10 cmH2O, respectively, with no faulty triggering or cycling; both in the bench test and in volunteers. The breathing difficulty score rated (1–10 scale) by the loaded breathing subjects was significantly (p<0.005) decreased from 5.45±1.68 without support to 2.83±1.66 when using the prototype ventilator, which showed no difference with the commercial device (2.80±1.48; p=1.000).ConclusionThe low-cost, easy-to-build noninvasive ventilator performs similarly to a high-quality commercial device, with its open-source hardware description, which will allow for free replication and use in LMICs, facilitating application of this life-saving therapy to patients who otherwise could not be treated.

scholarly journals Investigating the effect of materials and structures for negative pressure ventilators suitable for pandemic situation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nada Abughanam ◽  
Shahd Sameer Mohammed Gaben ◽  
Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury ◽  
Amith Khandakar
Keyword(s):  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Lower Health ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Health Complications ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThe onset of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused shortages in mechanical ventilators (MVs) essential for the intensive care unit (ICU) in the hospitals. The increasing crisis prompted the investigation of ventilators which is low cost and offers lower health complications. Many researchers are revisiting the use of negative pressure ventilators (NPVs), due to the cost and complications of positive pressure ventilators (PPVs). This paper summarizes the evolution of the MVs, highlighting the limitations of popular positive and negative pressure ventilators and how NPV can be a cost-effective and lower health complication solution. This paper also provides a detailed investigation of the structure and material for the patient enclosure that can be used for a cost-effective NPV system using ANSYS simulations. The simulation results can confirm the selection and also help in developing a low cost while based on readily available materials. This can help the manufacturer to develop low-cost NPV and reduce the pressure on the healthcare system for any pandemic situation similar to COVID-19.

scholarly journals A low-cost multi-patient pressure-controlled ventilation system with individualized parameter settings

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alcendino Cândido Jardim-Neto ◽  
Carrie E. Perlman
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Controlled Ventilation ◽  
Pressure Controlled Ventilation ◽  
Multiple Patients ◽  
Pressure Controlled

AbstractIn a major health crisis, demand for mechanical ventilators may exceed supply. This scenario has led to the idea of connecting ventilation circuits in parallel to ventilate multiple patients simultaneously with the same machine. However, simple parallel connection may be harmful when the patients’ respiratory system mechanics differ. The aim of this work was to develop and test a low-cost, multi-patient, pressure-controlled ventilation system in which parameter settings could be individualized. Two types of circuits were built from polyvinyl chloride plumbing tubes and connectors, with ball valves and water columns used to control pressures. The circuits were connected to test lungs of differing compliances, ventilated in parallel at 20 cycles per minute and assessed for control error, variability and interdependency during peak inspiratory (20 to 35 cmH2O, in 5 cmH2O steps) and positive end-expiratory (5 to 20 to 5 cmH2O, in 5 cmH2O steps) pressure changes in one of the circuits. Results showed control errors lower than 1 cmH2O, a maximum standard deviation in pressure of 1.4 cmH2O and no dependency between the parallel circuits during the pressure maneuvers or a controlled disconnection/reconnection. This pressure-control system might be used to expand a commercial ventilator or, with constant gas inflow and an automated outlet valve, as a stand-alone ventilator with individually-controlled settings for multiple patients. In conclusion, the proposed solution is presented as a potentially reliable strategy for safely individualizing pressure-control parameters in a multi-patient ventilation system during a major health crisis.

scholarly journals Low-Cost, Open-Source Mechanical Ventilator with Pulmonary Monitoring for COVID-19 Patients

Actuators ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Leonardo Acho ◽  
Alessandro N. Vargas ◽  
Gisela Pujol-Vázquez
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Method ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Pressure Measurements ◽  
Mechanical Ventilator ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Inspiratory Limb ◽  
Potential Benefits

This paper shows the construction of a low-cost, open-source mechanical ventilator. The motivation for constructing this kind of ventilator comes from the worldwide shortage of mechanical ventilators for treating COVID-19 patients—the COVID-19 pandemic has been striking hard in some regions, especially the deprived ones. Constructing a low-cost, open-source mechanical ventilator aims to mitigate the effects of this shortage on those regions. The equipment documented here employs commercial spare parts only. This paper also shows a numerical method for monitoring the patients’ pulmonary condition. The method considers pressure measurements from the inspiratory limb and alerts clinicians in real-time whether the patient is under a healthy or unhealthy situation. Experiments carried out in the laboratory that had emulated healthy and unhealthy patients illustrate the potential benefits of the derived mechanical ventilator.

VEMERS UC: A Clinically Validated Emergency Mechanical Ventilator for Covid-19 and Post Pandemic Use in Low Resource Communities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano E. Chiang ◽  
Felipe Castro Niklitschek
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Control Mode ◽  
Volume Control ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Mechanical Ventilator ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Industrial Markets ◽  
Safety Features ◽  
Technical Features

Abstract In this article we present a clinically validated invasive emergency mechanical ventilator developed in Chile called VEMERS UC. It has been clinically tested and validated in intubated Covid19 patients. Once the pandemic hit Chilean soil in March 2020, it was clear that the number of mechanical ventilators available would not be enough. As in other parts of the world many initiatives sprung, most of them naively simple. Chilean medical societies joined engineering specialists and agreed early on in an organized and regulated open process for validating emergency mechanical ventilators, thus allowing for rapid development but with the required functionality, reliability, and safety features. VEMERS UC was one of few that completed successfully all stages of the validating process, the final test being on five critically-ill intubated COVID-19 patients for eight hours each. VEMERS UC is based on an electro-pneumatic circuit architecture and its components are all low cost, off-the-shelf pneumatic and electronic products easily obtained in industrial markets. It works in continuous mandatory volume control mode. The novel technical features of VEMERS UC are discussed here as well as the results obtained in each stage of the validating process. The validating process carried out in Chile is noteworthy by itself, and it could be used as an example in other developing countries. Furthermore, VEMERS UC can be used as a guiding design reference in other countries as well, since this design has already been thoroughly tested in human patients and has proven to work successfully.

scholarly journals A Low-Cost Air Flow Sensor/Transducer for Medical Applications: Design and Experimental Characterization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Calderón ◽  
Carlos Rincón ◽  
Bray Agreda ◽  
Sebastián Calero ◽  
Manuel Bornas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Breathing Circuit ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Integrated Design ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Flow Sensor ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Sensor Transducer

Mechanical ventilation systems, which are used for breathing support when a person is not able to do it by their own, requires a device for measuring the air flow to the patient in order to monitoring and a assure the magnitude establish by a medical staff. Flow sensors are the conventional devices used for the air flow measuring; however, there were not available in Peru, because of the international demand during COVID-19 pandemic. In this sense, a novel air flow sensor based on orifice plate and an intelligent transducer stage were developed as an integrated design. Advanced methodologies in simulations and experiments using specially designed equipment for this application were carried out. The obtained data was used for a mathematical characterization and dimensions validation of the integrated design. The device was tested in its real working conditions, it was implemented in a breathing circuit connected to a low-cost mechanical ventilation system based on cams. Results indicate that the designed air flow sensor/transducer is a low-cost complete medical device for mechanical ventilators able to provide satisfactorily all the ventilation parameters air flow, pressure and volume over time by measuring the air flow and calculating the others. Furthermore, this device provides directly a filtered equivalent electrical signal for a display or a computer.

scholarly journals A low-cost, rapidly scalable, emergency use ventilator for the COVID-19 crisis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel J Raymond ◽  
Trevor Wesolowski ◽  
Sam Baker ◽  
Yuzhe Liu ◽  
Jordan L Edmunds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
World View ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Animal Data ◽  
Safety And Reliability

For the past 50 years, positive pressure ventilation has been a cornerstone of treatment for respiratory failure. Consensus surrounding the epidemiology of respiratory failure has permitted a relatively good fit between the supply of ventilators and the demand. However, the current COVID-19 pandemic has increased demand for mechanical ventilators well beyond supply. Respiratory failure complicates most critically ill patients with COVID-19 and is characterized by highly heterogeneous pulmonary parenchymal involvement, profound hypoxemia and pulmonary vascular injury. The profound increase in the incidence of respiratory failure has exposed critical shortages in the supply of mechanical ventilators, and those with the necessary skills to treat. While most traditional ventilators rely on an internal compressor and mixer to moderate and control the gas mixture delivered to a patient, the current emergency climate has catalyzed alternative designs that might enable greater flexibility in terms of supply chain, manufacturing, storage and maintenance. Design considerations of these 'emergency response' ventilators have generally fallen into two categories: those that rely on mechanical compression of a known volume of gas and those powered by an internal compressor to deliver time cycled pressure- or volume-limited gas to the patient. The present work introduces a low-cost, ventilator designed and built in accordance with the Emergence Use guidance provided by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) wherein an external gas supply feeds into the ventilator and time limited flow interruption guarantees tidal volume. The goal of this device is to allow a patient to be treated by a single ventilator platform, capable of supporting the various treatment paradigms during a potential COVID-19 related hospitalization. This is a unique aspect of this design as it attempts to become a one-device-one-visit solution to the problem. The device is designed as a single use ventilator that is sufficiently robust to treat a patient being mechanically ventilated. The overall design philosophy and its applicability in this new crisis-laden world view is first described, followed by both bench top and animal testing results used to confirm the precision, capability, safety and reliability of this low cost and novel approach to mechanical ventilation during the COVID-19 pandemic. The ventilator is shown to perform in a range of critical requirements listed in the FDA emergency regulations and can safely and effectively ventilate a porcine subject. As of August 2020, only 13 emergency ventilators have been authorized by the FDA, and this work represents the first to publish animal data using the ventilator. This proof-of-concept provides support for this cost-effective, readily mass-produced ventilator that can be used to support patients when the demand for ventilators outstrips supply in hospital settings worldwide. More details for this project can be found at https://ventilator.stanford.edu/

scholarly journals ATENA–A Novel Rapidly Manufactured Medical Invasive Ventilator Designed as a Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Testing Protocol, Safety, and Performance Validation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Rebelo ◽  
Elizabete Neutel ◽  
Eurico Castro Alves ◽  
Francisco Barros ◽  
Hélder Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Mechanical Ventilator ◽  
Clinical Experiences ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Testing Protocol ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Validation

Background: The urgent need for mechanical ventilators to support respiratory insufficiency due to SARS-CoV-2 led to a worldwide effort to develop low-cost, easily assembled, and locally manufactured ventilators. The ATENA ventilator project was developed in a community-based approach targeting the development, prototyping, testing, and decentralized manufacturing of a new mechanical ventilator.Objective: This article aims to demonstrate ATENA's adequate performance and safety for clinical use.Material: ATENA is a low-cost ventilator that can be rapidly manufactured, easily assembled, and locally produced anywhere in the world. It was developed following the guidelines and requirements provided by European and International Regulatory Authorities (MHRA, ISO 86201) and National Authorities (INFARMED). The device was thoroughly tested using laboratory lung simulators and animal models.Results: The device meets all the regulatory requirements for pandemic ventilators. Additionally, the pre-clinical experiences demonstrated security and adequate ventilation and oxygenation, in vivo.Conclusion: The ATENA ventilator had a good performance in required tests in laboratory scenarios and pre-clinical studies. In a pandemic context, ATENA is perfectly suited for safely treating patients in need of mechanical ventilation.

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