Recording and Documenting the Underwater Cultural Heritage of Hong Kong, Stage 1: a community maritime archaeology project

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 412-419
Author(s):  
Bill Jeffery ◽  
Marco Li-Hen Li ◽  
Peggy Pui-Kee Wong ◽  
Lydia Wing-Chi Ho ◽  
Tammy Sau-Man Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Maritime Archaeology ◽  
Underwater Cultural Heritage ◽  
Stage 1

Maritime Archaeology, the Dive Community, and Heritage Tourism

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur B. Cohn ◽  
Joanne M. Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
General Public ◽  
Heritage Tourism ◽  
Maritime Archaeology ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Underwater Cultural Heritage ◽  
Remotely Operated Vehicle ◽  
The Public ◽  
Vehicle Technologies ◽  
Underwater Sites

In modern times, the development of new survey, navigation, diving, and remotely operated vehicle technologies have made the location, exploration, and excavation of historic shipwrecks feasible to the general public. The debate on the value of underwater cultural heritage is recent and the issues of protecting underwater sites are now accepted. The diving community has been engaged in this debate for several decades, and a wide variety of viewpoints have developed. Museums focusing on underwater cultural heritage serve as platforms to foster discussions on submerged cultural resource protection. As any archaeological site, shipwrecks excite the general public. While museums provide a venue to share the story of the wrecks, or the historical contexts in which they existed, there are multiple ways to share this information with the public that will allow them a first-hand experience with a shipwreck. This notion has given rise to the concept of heritage tourism.

Ethics, Underwater Cultural Heritage, and International Law

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thijs J. Maarleveld
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Development ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Maritime Archaeology ◽  
Underwater Cultural Heritage ◽  
Archaeological Heritage ◽  
Maritime Law ◽  
Ethical Discussion

Maritime archaeology has given rise to quite a few issues. The meaning of heritage for the society has undergone changes, and thus, ethical discussion has evolved, which is discussed in this article. Archaeological discourses include a historical review that is helpful in understanding how insights have developed. Archaeology is not uniform and archaeological heritage has been studied through different approaches and thinking. An item attributed heritage value in one part of the continent may not be regarded as the same in another part of the continent. For maritime archaeology, this national bias has been influential in several ways and it continues to be so. The principle that “heritage” is a public matter is quite central in the developing ethics of the archaeological profession. This article finally discusses the international development of a body of maritime law specifically concerning underwater cultural heritage.

Underwater cultural heritage and the disputed South China Sea

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zhong
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
South China ◽  
Maritime Archaeology ◽  
Underwater Cultural Heritage ◽  
China Sea ◽  
The Face ◽  
Heritage Protection ◽  
Natural Result

Due to unsolved maritime delimitations, the protection of underwater cultural heritage (hereafter underwater heritage) in the South China Sea demands coordinated action by neighbouring states. However, the suspicion that China uses underwater heritage to justify its interests has tempered the general enthusiasm of its neighbours to cooperate in the issue of heritage protection. In the face of such concerns, this article examines the role of underwater heritage in China’s South China Sea claims, and it argues that underwater heritage provides little support to underpin China’s territorial or maritime claims. In addition, China’s initiatives in maritime archaeology have long been misinterpreted. Instead of being entirely driven by its South China Sea claims, China’s approach to underwater heritage is a natural result of its general policy on cultural heritage and nation-building philosophy.

scholarly journals Underwater Cultural Heritage and Maritime Archaeology in Croatia: An Overview

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Radić Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Maritime Archaeology ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Underwater Cultural Heritage ◽  
Adriatic Coast ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Maritime Environment

Archaeological sites in Croatia's shallow waters are mentioned in written sources from the sixteenth century, and since the eighteenth century they have been used as evidence for the sinking of the Eastern Adriatic coast. It was at the end of the same century that the first Roman shipwreck in Croatian waters was reported. Sponge divers and coral hunters raised archaeological finds from the seabed off the Croatian coast, thus contributing to the creation of many private and monastic collections. Isolated campaigns aimed at protecting underwater cultural heritage began in the 1950s, and by 1970 these efforts became part of a well-organized system. Although the lack of systematic research remains notable, a number of surveys and rescue excavations have enriched our knowledge of ancient seafaring along the Croatian coast and have contributed to the study of the maritime environment. Some well-preserved shipwrecks from classical antiquity and the modern era show excellent potential for thein situprotection and presentation of Croatian underwater cultural heritage.

scholarly journals THE ENHANCEMENT OF UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSETS USING AUGMENTED REALITY (AR)

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W10 ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
A. Malliri ◽  
K. Siountri ◽  
E. Skondras ◽  
D. D. Vergados ◽  
C.-N. Anagnostopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Maritime Archaeology ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Underwater Cultural Heritage ◽  
East Lokris ◽  
Cloud Technologies

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Τhe development in the fields of Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) management and Maritime Archaeology, yields an interdisciplinary and creative academic framework, such as the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector that has been proved to build intelligent systems and applications. However, the ways to fully make use of these technologies are still being explored, as their potential have not been exploited yet. Underwater archaeological sites, semi (/or fully) submerged settlements, ancient ports and shipwrecks, unlike land sites, are not accessible to public due to their special (sub) marine environment and depth. In this paper, an innovative research idea of using Augmented Reality (AR) for maintaining the memory and the information of underwater archaeological sites, is presented. Although the “artificial” visual documentation cannot replace the authentic values of the underwater tangible heritage, the AR technology can contribute to the protection of the intangible properties and the conquered knowledge of the past of a place. This research work will focus, among other case studies, on the (semi) submerged fortifications and their contiguous contents of the acropolis of Halai in east Lokris, Greece. Hence, along with the climate change that may lead more antiquities covered by water during the following years, the advances in the communication field and the up-coming 5G and cloud technologies will make the idea fully applicable, contributing to the enhancement of the coastal and the underwater archaeological remains.</p>

scholarly journals The Innovative and State of the Art Public Access Management of Malta’s Underwater Cultural Heritage

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 3365-3381
Author(s):  
Timmy Gambin ◽  
Maja Sausmekat ◽  
Darko Kovacevic
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Maritime Archaeology ◽  
Heritage Management ◽  
Public Access ◽  
Underwater Cultural Heritage ◽  
National Agency ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Unesco Convention ◽  
The One

The obligation to preserve underwater cultural heritage is a core principle of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. A key element of this obligation is a balance of scientific research, protection, and the promotion of responsible access to underwater cultural heritage sites. Such a balance requires the setting up of a network of communication between the tourism and heritage sectors on the one hand and the maritime and diving communities on the other hand. A variety of approaches have been developed to promote responsible access to underwater cultural heritage sites, and since the vast majority of the public does not dive, this also includes the development of virtual access. In Malta, maritime archaeology can be traced to humble and sporadic beginnings in the 1950s. The following decades brought a growing interest in diving activities and a rising number of diving schools and clubs. Whilst Malta has today established itself as a diving tourism destination, responsible access to underwater cultural heritage sites was not always entrenched in dive operations or institutionally recognized. The protection and management of underwater cultural heritage has recently been firmly established within Heritage Malta, the national agency for museums, conservations, and cultural heritage. This paper is intended to outline the trajectory of Malta’s underwater cultural heritage management and to present the innovative and state of the art public access system that is managed by the Underwater Cultural Heritage Unit within Heritage Malta.

Australian Maritime Archaeology

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Staniforth
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Maritime Archaeology ◽  
Underwater Cultural Heritage ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
The World

Australia is quintessentially a maritime nation where sea travel and transportation have been vitally important. Despite being an island, Australia hasd never completely felt isolated, and the indigenous peoples were never cut off from the rest of the world. This article presents four case studies in order to provide insights into the types and extent of maritime archaeological research that has been conducted over more than three decades in Australia. One of the great influences of Australian maritime archaeology over the years has been the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology. A drawback in Australian maritime archaeology is the lack of funding for academic research. Australia has developed legislation for the protection of the historic shipwreck component of its underwater cultural heritage.

Maritime Archaeology and Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Disputed South China Sea

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Perez-Alvaro ◽  
Craig Forrest
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
South China ◽  
Maritime Archaeology ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Underwater Cultural Heritage ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
United Nations Convention

Abstract:China’s broad geopolitical strategy and positioning for global influence includes its averred legal position in relation to its sovereignty and jurisdiction in the South China Sea. A response to this legal position was the Philippines’ initiation of arbitral proceedings constituted under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Despite the non-participation of China in these proceedings, the arbitral decision of 2016 clarified a number of legal provisions pertinent to the ongoing territorial and maritime disputes in the South China Sea. This decision impacted directly on China’s assertion of sovereign and jurisdictional historical title or rights, which, in part, relies on evidence obtained from underwater cultural heritage and the associated maritime archaeology. This article critically evaluates China’s maritime archaeology program and its policy with respect to underwater cultural heritage in light of the 2016 arbitral decision and the underlying international law of the sea. While recognizing that China’s policy is not inconsistent with its broader heritage policy, and its national approach to the protection of underwater cultural heritage, this article argues that this cannot be used to support China’s South China Sea claims and is not only misplaced, such as to pose a risk to the archaeological record, but also inconstant with international developments in the form of the 2001 United Nations Convention of the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage.

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