Salvage logging management affects species’ roles in connecting plant‐pollinator interaction networks across post‐wildfire landscapes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A. Burkle ◽  
Laura J. Heil ◽  
R. Travis Belote
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Salvage Logging ◽  
Species Roles ◽  
Plant Pollinator

scholarly journals Consequences of plant invasions on compartmentalization and species’ roles in plant–pollinator networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1788) ◽  
pp. 20140773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Albrecht ◽  
Benigno Padrón ◽  
Ignasi Bartomeus ◽  
Anna Traveset
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Plant Invasions ◽  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Interaction Structure ◽  
Plant Invaders ◽  
Functional Implications ◽  
Species Roles ◽  
Plant Pollinator

Compartmentalization—the organization of ecological interaction networks into subsets of species that do not interact with other subsets (true compartments) or interact more frequently among themselves than with other species (modules)—has been identified as a key property for the functioning, stability and evolution of ecological communities. Invasions by entomophilous invasive plants may profoundly alter the way interaction networks are compartmentalized. We analysed a comprehensive dataset of 40 paired plant–pollinator networks (invaded versus uninvaded) to test this hypothesis. We show that invasive plants have higher generalization levels with respect to their pollinators than natives. The consequences for network topology are that—rather than displacing native species from the network—plant invaders attracting pollinators into invaded modules tend to play new important topological roles (i.e. network hubs, module hubs and connectors) and cause role shifts in native species, creating larger modules that are more connected among each other. While the number of true compartments was lower in invaded compared with uninvaded networks, the effect of invasion on modularity was contingent on the study system. Interestingly, the generalization level of the invasive plants partially explains this pattern, with more generalized invaders contributing to a lower modularity. Our findings indicate that the altered interaction structure of invaded networks makes them more robust against simulated random secondary species extinctions, but more vulnerable when the typically highly connected invasive plants go extinct first. The consequences and pathways by which biological invasions alter the interaction structure of plant–pollinator communities highlighted in this study may have important dynamical and functional implications, for example, by influencing multi-species reciprocal selection regimes and coevolutionary processes.

Predator Effects on Plant-Pollinator Interactions, Plant Reproduction, Mating Systems, and Evolution

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 319-340
Author(s):  
Amanda D. Benoit ◽  
Susan Kalisz
Keyword(s):  
Mating Systems ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Pollen Limitation ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Plant Reproduction ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Pollinator Abundance ◽  
Plant Pollinator ◽  
Predator Effects

Plants are the foundation of the food web and therefore interact directly and indirectly with myriad organisms at higher trophic levels. They directly provide nourishment to mutualistic and antagonistic primary consumers (e.g., pollinators and herbivores), which in turn are consumed by predators. These interactions produce cascading indirect effects on plants (either trait-mediated or density-mediated). We review how predators affect plant-pollinator interactions and thus how predators indirectly affect plant reproduction, fitness, mating systems, and trait evolution. Predators can influence pollinator abundance and foraging behavior. In many cases, predators cause pollinators to visit plants less frequently and for shorter durations. This decline in visitation can lead to pollen limitation and decreased seed set. However, alternative outcomes can result due to differences in predator, pollinator, and plant functional traits as well as due to altered interaction networks with plant enemies. Furthermore, predators may indirectly affect the evolution of plant traits and mating systems.

scholarly journals A novel perspective on the meaning of nestedness with conceptual and methodological solutions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Barros Pereira Pinheiro ◽  
Carsten F. Dormann ◽  
Gabriel Moreira Felix ◽  
Marco A. R. Mello
Keyword(s):  
Null Model ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Species Interaction ◽  
Null Models ◽  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
Expected Values ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Test Outcomes ◽  
Plant Pollinator

Aim: Nestedness is a common pattern in metacommunities and interaction networks, whose causes are still discussed. Nestedness inference is challenging because, beyond calculating an index, we need to compare observed values with values generated with a null model. There are different null models and the choice between them affects test outcomes. Furthermore, there is no established theoretical basis to guide this choice. Here, we propose a different look at the meaning of nestedness that improves our understanding of its causes and unveils the link between null models and hypotheses. Innovation: Nestedness of a matrix is a combination of marginal sum inequality and high overlap. The higher the overlap, the more predictable the cell values by marginal sums. Here, we show that nestedness actually measures how better one can predict cell values by marginal sums than by matrix dimensions and total sum alone. From this, we propose that two null models can be used to test for different topological hypotheses. The equiprobable model excludes all nestedness-generating mechanisms and provides the distribution of expected values for nestedness significance tests. The proportional model conserves nestedness-generating mechanisms and excludes nestedness-disrupting mechanisms, and thus, produces highly nested matrices. The proportional model provides the distribution of expected nestedness for nested matrices. Additionally, we evaluate the efficiency of several indices within this new perspective and illustrate our approach using an empirical plant-pollinator network. Main conclusions: Through a shift of perspective, our approach reconciliates contradictions in null model analysis and delimits the range of possible explanations for nestedness. The only way a process can increase nestedness in a matrix is by promoting marginal sum inequalities, without concomitantly introducing preferences. Consequently, in a species interaction network, explanations for nestedness should explain why some species interact more frequently than others.

scholarly journals The effect of landscape on Cucurbita pepo-pollinator interaction networks varies depending on plants’ genetic diversity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Landaverde-González ◽  
Eunice Enríquez ◽  
Juan Núñez-Farfán
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Network Evolution ◽  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Pollinator Community ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Plant Pollinator

AbstractIn recent years, evidence has been found that plant-pollinator interactions are altered by land-use and that genetic diversity also plays a role. However, how land-use and genetic diversity influence plant–pollinator interactions, particularly in the Neotropics, where many endemic plants exist is still an open question. Cucurbita pepo is a monoecious plant and traditional crop wide distributed, with high rates of molecular evolution, landraces associated with human cultural management and a history of coevolution with bees, which makes this species a promising model for studying the effect of landscape and genetic diversity on plant-pollinator interactions. Here, we assess (1) whether female and male flowers differences have an effect on the interaction network, (2) how C. pepo genetic diversity affects flower-bee visitation network structure, and (3) what is the effect that land-use, accounting for C. pepo genetic variability, has on pumpkin-bee interaction network structure. Our results indicate that female and male flowers presented the same pollinator community composition and interaction network structure suggesting that female/male differences do not have a significant effect on network evolution. Genetic diversity has a positive effect on modularity, nestedness and number of interactions. Further, the effect of semi-natural areas on nestedness could be buffered when genetic diversity is high. Our results suggest that considering genetic diversity is relevant for a better understanding of the effect of land-use on interaction networks. Additionally, this understanding has great value in conserving biodiversity and enhancing the stability of interaction networks in a world facing great challenges of habitat and diversity loss.

scholarly journals Species activity promote the stability of fruit-frugivore interactions across a five-year multilayer network

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Costa ◽  
Jaime A. Ramos ◽  
Sérgio Timóteo ◽  
Luís P. da Silva ◽  
Ricardo S. Ceia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Topology ◽  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Multilayer Network ◽  
Biological Communities ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Species Activity ◽  
Emergent Structure ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Species Roles ◽  
Species Importance

Although biological communities are intrinsically dynamic, with both, species and interactions changing over time, interaction networks analyses to date are still largely static. We implemented a temporal multilayer network approach to explore the changes on species roles and on the emergent structure of a seed-dispersal network over five years. Network topology was relatively constant, with four well defined interaction modules spanning across all years. Importantly, species that were present on more years, were also disproportionally important on each year, thus forming a core of temporally reliable species that are critical to the cohesiveness of the multilayer network structure. We propose a new descriptor termed species activity that reflects the number of temporal, spatial or functional layers (e.g., different years, habitats, or functions) that each species integrates, providing a simple and powerful index of species importance for multilayer network cohesion.

Habitat loss alters the architecture of plant–pollinator interaction networks

Ecology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (12) ◽  
pp. 2688-2696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Spiesman ◽  
Brian D. Inouye
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Loss ◽  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Plant Pollinator

scholarly journals Temporal flexibility in the structure of plant–pollinator interaction networks

Oikos ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 129 (9) ◽  
pp. 1369-1380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. CaraDonna ◽  
Nickolas M. Waser
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Temporal Flexibility ◽  
Plant Pollinator

scholarly journals Invasive plants as novel food resources, the pollinators' perspective

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignasi Bartomeus ◽  
Jochen Fründ ◽  
Neal M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Flexibility ◽  
Plant Invasions ◽  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Exotic Plant ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Exotic Plant Species ◽  
Plant Invaders ◽  
Pollinator Community ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Plant Pollinator

Entomophilous exotic plant species not only compete directly for space and light with other plants, but also offer resource opportunities for the native pollinator community. Most research on this topic to date has taken the plant perspective, focusing on how successful plant invaders integrate into the native plant-pollinator interaction networks. However, species specific responses of pollinators to the addition of exotic plants are rarely taken into account. We show here that while some bumble bees and other trophic generalist bees can benefit from exotic plant invasions, other species can be negatively affected. Behavioral flexibility may be the key to persist in a changing world.

scholarly journals The worldwide importance of honey bees as pollinators in natural habitats

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1870) ◽  
pp. 20172140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keng-Lou James Hung ◽  
Jennifer M. Kingston ◽  
Matthias Albrecht ◽  
David A. Holway ◽  
Joshua R. Kohn
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Pollinator Effectiveness ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Floral Visitor ◽  
Native And Introduced Ranges ◽  
Plant Pollinator

The western honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) is the most frequent floral visitor of crops worldwide, but quantitative knowledge of its role as a pollinator outside of managed habitats is largely lacking. Here we use a global dataset of 80 published plant–pollinator interaction networks as well as pollinator effectiveness measures from 34 plant species to assess the importance of A. mellifera in natural habitats. Apis mellifera is the most frequent floral visitor in natural habitats worldwide, averaging 13% of floral visits across all networks (range 0–85%), with 5% of plant species recorded as being exclusively visited by A. mellifera . For 33% of the networks and 49% of plant species, however, A. mellifera visitation was never observed, illustrating that many flowering plant taxa and assemblages remain dependent on non- A. mellifera visitors for pollination. Apis mellifera visitation was higher in warmer, less variable climates and on mainland rather than island sites, but did not differ between its native and introduced ranges. With respect to single-visit pollination effectiveness, A. mellifera did not differ from the average non- A. mellifera floral visitor, though it was generally less effective than the most effective non- A. mellifera visitor. Our results argue for a deeper understanding of how A. mellifera , and potential future changes in its range and abundance, shape the ecology, evolution, and conservation of plants, pollinators, and their interactions in natural habitats.

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