Clinical implications of retinal oximetry in retinal vein occlusion: a review

Purpose: To inform about possible use of the automatic retinal oximetry for the retinal oxygen saturation measurement in the eye and systemic diseases. Methods: We performed a literature review dealing with issues of retinal oxygen saturation monitoring by dual non-invasive retinal oximetry Oxymap T1 (Oxymap ehf. Reykjavík, Iceland). Results: We have found two main strains writing our paper on retinal oxygen saturation eye diseases. The first section concerns diseases created by having hypoxia as its main pathological factor - for example diabetes mellitus and retinal vein occlusion. The second group deals with atrophy as the main pathological mechanism which is typical for decreasing retinal oxygen consumption – for example glaucoma or retinitis pigmentosa (the second one named is not included in our work). Oximetry in systemic diseases creates a relatively new chapter of this branch with a very big potential of interdisciplinary cooperation for the future. It is possible the cooperation will not only include diabetologists but also neurologists (for example, in diseases like sclerosis multiplex or Devic‘s, Alzheimer‘s and Parkinson‘s disease) and haematologists (retinal oxygen saturation changes in patients with different rheological attributes of blood). Conclusion: Retinal oxygen saturation measuring by automatic retinal oximetry is a relatively new method with scientifically confirmed high reproducibility of results. Currently it is the only experimental method with vast potentials not only in the realm of the possibility of observing eye diseases (diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion or glaucoma) but also in developing interdisciplinary cooperation with diabetologists, neurologists and haematologists.

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Platelet Coagulant Activities and Retinal Vein Thrombosis

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1651475 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 38 (02) ◽

pp. 0399-0406 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Peter N. Walsh ◽

Richard E. Goldberg ◽

Richard L. Tax ◽

Larry E. Magargal

Keyword(s):

Platelet Aggregation ◽

Venous Thrombosis ◽

Retinal Vein Occlusion ◽

Serotonin Release ◽

Platelet Factor ◽

Trigger Mechanism ◽

Local Conditions ◽

Plasma Coagulation ◽

Vein Thrombosis ◽

Vein Occlusion

SummaryTo determine whether platelets play a role in the pathogenesis of retinal vein occlusion (RVO), platelets and coagulation were evaluated in 28 patients with RVO. Platelet coagulant activities concerned with the initiation and early stages of intrinsic coagulation were 2–4 fold increased in 9 patients with acute primary RVO but not in patients with acute secondary (10 patients) or chronic (9 patients) RVO. Platelet factor 3 activity, platelet aggregation, serotonin release by platelets and plasma coagulation were normal in all patients. Platelets may provide a trigger mechanism for venous thrombosis in the eye when local conditions permit.

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Hypercoagulability and High Lipoprotein(a) Levels in Patients with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1648808 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 72 (01) ◽

pp. 039-043 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Francesco Bandello ◽

Silvana Vigano’ D’Angelo ◽

Mariella Parlavecchia ◽

Alessandra Tavola ◽

Patrizia Della Valle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Retinal Vein Occlusion ◽

Central Retinal Vein Occlusion ◽

Specific Treatment ◽

Fibrin Deposition ◽

Heparin Cofactor Ii ◽

Lipoprotein A ◽

Vein Occlusion ◽

Acute Event ◽

D Dimer ◽

Central Retinal Vein

SummaryA series of coagulation parameters and lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) were explored in plasma from 40 patients with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO, non-ischemic type n = 12; ischemic type n = 28) free of local and systemic predisposing factors, 1 to 12 months after the acute event. Forty age- and sex-matched patients with cataract served as controls. Prothrombin fragment 1.2 (FI.2), D-dimer, FVII:C - but not FVII: Ag - were higher and fibrinogen was lower in CRVO patients than in controls. Patients with non-ischemic CRVO had higher FI .2 and FVII:C and lower heparin cofactor II than patients with ischemic CRVO. Lp(a) levels greater than 300 mg/1 were observed in 12 patients with CRVO and in 4 controls (30% vs 10%, p <0.025). Patients with high Lp(a) - consistently associated with the S2 phenotype - had higher FVII:C, FVII:C/Ag ratio, and fibrinogen than the remaining CRVO patients. Plasma FI.2 and D-dimer correlated fairly in controls (r = 0.41) and patients with normal Lp(a) levels (r = 0.55), but they did not in the group of patients with high Lp(a) (r = 0.19), where the latter parameter was negatively related to D-dimer (r = −0.55). There was no dependence of the abnormalities observed on the time elapsed from vein occlusion. The findings of activated FVII and high FI.2, D-dimer, and Lp(a) are not uncommon in patients with CRVO. Increased thrombin formation with fibrin deposition and impaired fibrinolysis may play a role in the pathophysiology of CRVO and require specific treatment

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