scholarly journals Central control of energy balance by amylin and calcitonin receptor agonists and their potential for treatment of metabolic diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-177
Author(s):  
Hannah Louise Zakariassen ◽  
Linu Mary John ◽  
Thomas Alexander Lutz
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Central Control ◽  
Calcitonin Receptor ◽  
Receptor Agonists

scholarly journals Amylin/Calcitonin Receptor–Mediated Signaling in POMC Neurons Influences Energy Balance and Locomotor Activity in Chow-Fed Male Mice

Diabetes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1110-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Coester ◽  
Christina Koester-Hegmann ◽  
Thomas A. Lutz ◽  
Christelle Le Foll
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Calcitonin Receptor ◽  
Male Mice

scholarly journals Dietary α-lactalbumin alters energy balance, gut microbiota composition and intestinal nutrient transporter expression in high-fat diet-fed mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (10) ◽  
pp. 1097-1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Boscaini ◽  
Raul Cabrera-Rubio ◽  
John R. Speakman ◽  
Paul D. Cotter ◽  
John F. Cryan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Whey Proteins ◽  
Nutrient Transporters ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Cumulative Energy

AbstractRecently there has been a considerable rise in the frequency of metabolic diseases, such as obesity, due to changes in lifestyle and resultant imbalances between energy intake and expenditure. Whey proteins are considered as potentially important components of a dietary solution to the obesity problem. However, the roles of individual whey proteins in energy balance remain poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) containing α-lactalbumin (LAB), a specific whey protein, or the non-whey protein casein (CAS), on energy balance, nutrient transporters expression and enteric microbial populations. C57BL/6J mice (n 8) were given an HFD containing either 20 % CAS or LAB as protein sources or a low-fat diet containing CAS for 10 weeks. HFD-LAB-fed mice showed a significant increase in cumulative energy intake (P=0·043), without differences in body weight, energy expenditure, locomotor activity, RER or subcutaneous and epididymal white adipose tissue weight. HFD-LAB intake led to a decrease in the expression of glut2 in the ileum (P=0·05) and in the fatty acid transporter cd36 (P<0·001) in both ileum and jejunum. This suggests a reduction in absorption efficiency within the small intestine in the HFD-LAB group. DNA from faecal samples was used for 16S rRNA-based assessment of intestinal microbiota populations; the genera Lactobacillus, Parabacteroides and Bifidobacterium were present in significantly higher proportions in the HFD-LAB group. These data indicate a possible functional relationship between gut microbiota, intestinal nutrient transporters and energy balance, with no impact on weight gain.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota and energy balance: role in obesity

2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Blaut
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Dietary Fibres

The microbial community populating the human digestive tract has been linked to the development of obesity, diabetes and liver diseases. Proposed mechanisms on how the gut microbiota could contribute to obesity and metabolic diseases include: (1) improved energy extraction from diet by the conversion of dietary fibre to SCFA; (2) increased intestinal permeability for bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in response to the consumption of high-fat diets resulting in an elevated systemic LPS level and low-grade inflammation. Animal studies indicate differences in the physiologic effects of fermentable and non-fermentable dietary fibres as well as differences in long- and short-term effects of fermentable dietary fibre. The human intestinal microbiome is enriched in genes involved in the degradation of indigestible polysaccharides. The extent to which dietary fibres are fermented and in which molar ratio SCFA are formed depends on their physicochemical properties and on the individual microbiome. Acetate and propionate play an important role in lipid and glucose metabolism. Acetate serves as a substrate for de novo lipogenesis in liver, whereas propionate can be utilised for gluconeogenesis. The conversion of fermentable dietary fibre to SCFA provides additional energy to the host which could promote obesity. However, epidemiologic studies indicate that diets rich in fibre rather prevent than promote obesity development. This may be due to the fact that SCFA are also ligands of free fatty acid receptors (FFAR). Activation of FFAR leads to an increased expression and secretion of enteroendocrine hormones such as glucagon-like-peptide 1 or peptide YY which cause satiety. In conclusion, the role of SCFA in host energy balance needs to be re-evaluated.

scholarly journals Effects of Propylene Glycol on Negative Energy Balance of Postpartum Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1526
Author(s):  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Xuemei Nan ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Yiguang Zhao ◽  
Yuming Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Research Progress

With the improvement in the intense genetic selection of dairy cows, advanced management strategies, and improved feed quality and disease control, milk production level has been greatly improved. However, the negative energy balance (NEB) is increasingly serious at the postpartum stage because the intake of nutrients cannot meet the demand of quickly improved milk production. The NEB leads to a large amount of body fat mobilization and consequently the elevated production of ketones, which causes metabolic diseases such as ketosis and fatty liver. The high milk production of dairy cows in early lactation aggravates NEB. The metabolic diseases lead to metabolic disorders, a decrease in reproductive performance, and lactation performance decline, seriously affecting the health and production of cows. Propylene glycol (PG) can alleviate NEB through gluconeogenesis and inhibit the synthesis of ketone bodies. In addition, PG improves milk yield, reproduction, and immune performance by improving plasma glucose and liver function in ketosis cows, and reduces milk fat percentage. However, a large dose of PG (above 500 g/d) has toxic and side effects in cows. The feeding method used was an oral drench. The combination of PG with some other additives can improve the effects in preventing ketosis. Overall, the present review summarizes the recent research progress in the impacts of NEB in dairy cows and the properties of PG in alleviating NEB and reducing the risk of ketosis.

Modulation of energy balance by fibroblast growth factor 21

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Cuevas-Ramos ◽  
Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽  
Fibroblast Growth ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Brown Adipose

AbstractFibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a superfamily of 22 proteins related to cell proliferation and tissue repair after injury. A subgroup of three proteins, FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23, are major endocrine mediators. These three FGFs have low affinity to heparin sulfate during receptor binding; in contrast they have a strong interaction with the cofactor Klotho/β-Klotho. FGF21 has received particular attention because of its key role in carbohydrate, lipids, and energy balance regulation. FGF21 improves glucose and lipids metabolism as well as increasing energy expenditure in animal models and humans. Conditions that induce human physical stress such as exercise, lactation, obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes influence FGF21 circulating levels. FGF21 also has an anti-oxidant function in human metabolic diseases which contribute to understanding the FGF21 compensatory increment in obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Interestingly, energy expenditure and weight loss is induced by FGF21. The mechanism involved is through “browning” of white adipose tissue, increasing brown adipose tissue activity and heat production. Therefore, clinical evaluation of therapeutic action of exogenous FGF21 administration is warranted, particularly to treat diabetes and obesity.

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