Role of bicarbonate supplementation on urine uric acid crystals and diabetic tubulopathy in adults with type 1 diabetes

This paper looks at the environmental role of vitamin D and solar radiation as risk reduction factors in autoimmune disease. Five diseases are considered: multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune disease of the thyroid, and inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical relevant studies and factors that may indicate evidence that autoimmune disease is a vitamin D-sensitive disease are presented. Studies that have resulted in prevention or amelioration of some autoimmune disease are discussed. An example of the utility of supplementing vitamin D in an unusual autoimmune disease, idiopathic thrombocytic purpura, is presented.

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MBD2 acts as a repressor to maintain the homeostasis of the Th1 program in type 1 diabetes by regulating the STAT1-IFN-γ axis

Cell Death and Differentiation ◽

10.1038/s41418-021-00852-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tiantian Yue ◽

Fei Sun ◽

Faxi Wang ◽

Chunliang Yang ◽

Jiahui Luo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dna Methylation ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Adoptive Transfer ◽

Nod Mice ◽

Transcriptional Level ◽

Clinical Settings ◽

Cpg Dna ◽

Ifn Γ

AbstractThe methyl-CpG-binding domain 2 (MBD2) interprets DNA methylome-encoded information through binding to the methylated CpG DNA, by which it regulates target gene expression at the transcriptional level. Although derailed DNA methylation has long been recognized to trigger or promote autoimmune responses in type 1 diabetes (T1D), the exact role of MBD2 in T1D pathogenesis, however, remains poorly defined. Herein, we generated an Mbd2 knockout model in the NOD background and found that Mbd2 deficiency exacerbated the development of spontaneous T1D in NOD mice. Adoptive transfer of Mbd2−/− CD4 T cells into NOD.scid mice further confirmed the observation. Mechanistically, Th1 stimulation rendered the Stat1 promoter to undergo a DNA methylation turnover featured by the changes of DNA methylation levels or patterns along with the induction of MBD2 expression, which then bound to the methylated CpG DNA within the Stat1 promoter, by which MBD2 maintains the homeostasis of Th1 program to prevent autoimmunity. As a result, ectopic MBD2 expression alleviated CD4 T cell diabetogenicity following their adoptive transfer into NOD.scid mice. Collectively, our data suggest that MBD2 could be a viable target to develop epigenetic-based therapeutics against T1D in clinical settings.

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Can Innovative Technologies Overcome HbA1c Disparity for African-American Youth with Type 1 Diabetes?

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology ◽

10.1177/19322968211021386 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 193229682110213

Author(s):

Stuart Chalew ◽

Alan M. Delamater ◽

Sonja Washington ◽

Jayalakshmi Bhat ◽

Diane Franz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Racial Disparity ◽

Diabetes Management ◽

New Technology ◽

African American Youth ◽

Glucose Monitoring ◽

Supportive Role

Achieving normal or near-normal glycemic control as reflected by HbA1c levels in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is important for preventing the development and progression of chronic complications. Despite delineation and dissemination of HbA1c management targets and advances in insulin pharmacology, insulin delivery systems, and glucose monitoring, the majority of children with T1D do not achieve HbA1c goals. In particular, African Americans are more likely not to reach HbA1c goals and have persistently higher HbA1c than Non-Hispanic Whites. Availability of pumps and other technology has not eliminated the disparity in HbA1c. Multiple factors play a role in the persisting racial disparity in HbA1c outcome. The carefully designed application and deployment of new technology to help the patient/family and facilitate the supportive role of the diabetes management team may be able to overcome racial disparity in glycemic outcome and improve patient quality of life.

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The Role of Intramyocellular Lipids during Hypoglycemia in Patients with Intensively Treated Type 1 Diabetes

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2004-1756 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 90 (10) ◽

pp. 5559-5565 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Elisabeth Bernroider ◽

Attila Brehm ◽

Martin Krssak ◽

Christian Anderwald ◽

Zlatko Trajanoski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Intramyocellular Lipids

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Viruses and Type 1 Diabetes: From Enteroviruses to the Virome

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9071519 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 1519

Author(s):

Sonia R. Isaacs ◽

Dylan B. Foskett ◽

Anna J. Maxwell ◽

Emily J. Ward ◽

Clare L. Faulkner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Antiviral Drug ◽

Virus Detection ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Islet Autoimmunity ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Drug Candidates

For over a century, viruses have left a long trail of evidence implicating them as frequent suspects in the development of type 1 diabetes. Through vigorous interrogation of viral infections in individuals with islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes using serological and molecular virus detection methods, as well as mechanistic studies of virus-infected human pancreatic β-cells, the prime suspects have been narrowed down to predominantly human enteroviruses. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of evidence supporting the hypothesised role of enteroviruses in the development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. We also discuss concerns over the historical focus and investigation bias toward enteroviruses and summarise current unbiased efforts aimed at characterising the complete population of viruses (the “virome”) contributing early in life to the development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. Finally, we review the range of vaccine and antiviral drug candidates currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the prevention and potential treatment of type 1 diabetes.

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Gender-Specific Risk Factors for the Development of Retinal Changes in Children with Type 1 Diabetes

Journal of Personalized Medicine ◽

10.3390/jpm11060588 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 588

Author(s):

Marta Wysocka-Mincewicz ◽

Joanna Gołębiewska ◽

Marta Baszyńska-Wilk ◽

Andrzej Olechowski

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Uric Acid ◽

Serum Creatinine ◽

Regression Models ◽

Retinal Thickness ◽

Disease Onset ◽

Specific Risk ◽

Gender Specific

The aim of the study was to determine gender-specific risk factor sets which could influence optical coherence tomography (OCT) results in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Material and Methods: 175 children with T1D without symptoms of diabetic retinopathy were enrolled, but 330 eyes were used for the final analysis (168 children, mean age 12.81 ± 3.63 years, diabetes duration 4.59 ± 3.71 years). The multivariate regression models for retinal thickness (foveal FT, and parafoveal PFT) and vascular densities (superficial and deep) were carried out separately for both genders using all metabolic and demographic parameters. Results: In the statistically significant multiple regression models for all analyzed OCT parameters for both genders, pH at the onset of diabetes were in existence, as well as for retinal thickness current HbA1c. Duration of continuous insulin infusion (CSII) was an important factor in all parameters, except PFT. For the girls, the most significant factors were daily insulin dose, uric acid, and triglycerides, but for the boys, it was serum creatinine, systolic pressure, and free thyroxine level. Conclusions: We detected significant risk factors set for development of OCT parameters changes, and they were not identical for both genders. Current metabolic control, diabetic ketoacidosis at the disease onset, serum creatinine and longer use of CSII are the most important factors for retinal thickness and vessel densities in both genders in children with type 1 diabetes. For the girls, elements of metabolic syndrome (uric acid and triglycerides) and parameters of insulin amount were more pronounced.

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