An Application of the Complier Average Causal Effect Analysis to Examine the Effects of a Family Intervention in Reducing Illicit Drug Use among High-Risk Hispanic Adolescents

Schreijenberg M, Lin CC, McLachlan AJ et al. Paracetamol is Ineffective for Acute Low Back Pain even for Patients Who Comply with Treatment: Complier Average Causal Effect Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Pain 2019; 160: 2848–2854. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001685

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Azithromycin distribution and childhood mortality in compliance-related subgroups in Niger: complier average causal effect and spillovers in a cluster-randomized, placebo-controlled trial

International Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/ije/dyab198 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kieran S O’Brien ◽

Ahmed M Arzika ◽

Ramatou Maliki ◽

Abdou Amza ◽

Farouk Manzo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Incidence Rate ◽

Rate Ratio ◽

Incidence Rate Ratio ◽

Causal Effect ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Effect Analysis ◽

Intention To Treat ◽

Average Causal Effect ◽

Cluster Randomized ◽

Complier Average Causal Effect

Abstract Background Biannual azithromycin distribution to children 1–59 months old reduced all-cause mortality by 18% [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.74, 0.90] in an intention-to-treat analysis of a randomized controlled trial in Niger. Estimation of the effect in compliance-related subgroups can support decision making around implementation of this intervention in programmatic settings. Methods The cluster-randomized, placebo-controlled design of the original trial enabled unbiased estimation of the effect of azithromycin on mortality rates in two subgroups: (i) treated children (complier average causal effect analysis); and (ii) untreated children (spillover effect analysis), using negative binomial regression. Results In Niger, 594 eligible communities were randomized to biannual azithromycin or placebo distribution and were followed from December 2014 to August 2017, with a mean treatment coverage of 90% [standard deviation (SD) 10%] in both arms. Subgroup analyses included 2581 deaths among treated children and 245 deaths among untreated children. Among treated children, the incidence rate ratio comparing mortality in azithromycin communities to placebo communities was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.88), with mortality rates (deaths per 1000 person-years at risk) of 16.6 in azithromycin communities and 20.9 in placebo communities. Among untreated children, the incidence rate ratio was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.69, 1.21), with rates of 33.6 in azithromycin communities and 34.4 in placebo communities. Conclusions As expected, this analysis suggested similar efficacy among treated children compared with the intention-to-treat analysis. Though the results were consistent with a small spillover benefit to untreated children, this trial was underpowered to detect spillovers.

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Multi-level experiences and determinants of alcohol misuse and illicit drug use among occupational groups at high-risk of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: A thematic synthesis of qualitative findings

Global Public Health ◽

10.1080/17441692.2019.1679216 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 715-733

Author(s):

Monica O. Kuteesa ◽

Janet Seeley ◽

Sarah Cook ◽

Emily L. Webb

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Drug Use ◽

Alcohol Misuse ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Illicit Drug Use ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Occupational Groups ◽

Thematic Synthesis ◽

Multi Level ◽

Sub Saharan

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Do men who have sex with men who report alcohol and illicit drug use before/during sex (chemsex) present moderate/high risk for substance use disorders?

Drug and Alcohol Dependence ◽

10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107908 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 209 ◽

pp. 107908 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Thiago S. Torres ◽

Leonardo S. Bastos ◽

Luciana Kamel ◽

Daniel R.B. Bezerra ◽

Nilo M. Fernandes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

High Risk ◽

Drug Use ◽

Substance Use Disorders ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Illicit Drug Use ◽

Sex With Men

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Coping and emotion regulation profiles as predictors of nonmedical prescription drug and illicit drug use among high-risk young adults

Drug and Alcohol Dependence ◽

10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.01.024 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 132 (1-2) ◽

pp. 165-171 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Carolyn F. Wong ◽

Karol Silva ◽

Aleksandar Kecojevic ◽

Sheree M. Schrager ◽

Jennifer Jackson Bloom ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Emotion Regulation ◽

High Risk ◽

Drug Use ◽

Prescription Drug ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Illicit Drug Use

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Genetic liability, illicit drug use, life stress and psychotic symptoms: preliminary findings from the Edinburgh study of people at high risk for schizophrenia

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology ◽

10.1007/s001270170038 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 36 (7) ◽

pp. 338-342 ◽

Cited By ~ 91

Author(s):

P. Miller ◽

S. M. Lawrie ◽

A. Hodges ◽

R. Clafferty ◽

R. Cosway ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Drug Use ◽

Life Stress ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Illicit Drug Use ◽

Psychotic Symptoms ◽

Genetic Liability

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Gender and Ethnic Differences in the Prevalence of Alcohol, Cigarette, and Illicit Drug Use over Time in a Cohort of Young Hispanic Adolescents in South Florida

Women & Health ◽

10.1300/j013v24n01_02 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 21-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Elizabeth L. Khoury ◽

George J. Warheit ◽

Rick S. Zimmerman ◽

William A. Vega ◽

Andres G. Gil

Keyword(s):

Drug Use ◽

Ethnic Differences ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Illicit Drug Use ◽

South Florida ◽

Hispanic Adolescents ◽

Over Time

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Adolescent High-Risk Behaviors and Orofacial Trauma

10.31487/j.ord.2019.01.01 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Adriana Modesto ◽

Kristen Pelczar ◽

Deborah Studen-Pavlovich ◽

Aaron M. Valasek ◽

Zachary Mills ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

High Risk ◽

Drug Use ◽

Risk Behaviors ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Illicit Drug Use ◽

High Risk Behaviors ◽

University Of Pittsburgh ◽

The University ◽

Physical Altercations

Aim: The objective of the study was to investigate if there was a relationship between high risk behaviors among adolescents and orofacial trauma. Material and Methods: The study used a cross-sectional retrospective design with data collected from electronic health records of over 4,000 patients treated in the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at the University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine from May 2009 through September 2013. This study was approved by the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board. Risk factors for trauma were obtained from each patient’s medical and social history and included tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use, tattoos, piercings, and mouthguard use during sports. Outcome measures used were history of broken bones or orofacial trauma. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of each risk factor in increasing risk for trauma outcomes were calculated. Chi-square tests were also performed with an alpha of 0.05. Results and Conclusions: A total of 2,609 patients were included in this study. Males (N=1,340) had statistically more often orofacial trauma than females, and were statistically more often exposed to all risk factors (tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use, tattoos, and physical altercations) than females with the exception of using piercings in body parts other than the ears and not wearing mouthguard for sports. Wearing mouthguard for sports decreased in 50% the risk of orofacial trauma (OR=0.53; 95% CI 0.42-0.68; p=0.00000001). Tobacco use and physical altercations increased the chance of broken bone, fractured tooth, and orofacial trauma in 2-fold (smoking, OR=1.85-2.28, 95% CI 1.3-2.96; physical altercations, OR=1.9-2.34; p=0.0005). Drinking and using illicit drugs increased the risk of broken bone (OR=1.9, 95% CI 1.37- 2.64; p=0.0001). Use of mouthguards for sports dramatically reduced the risk of orofacial trauma. Tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use, and getting into physical altercations increased the risk of orofacial trauma.

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Physical Abuse, Sexual Victimization, and Illicit Drug Use: Replication of a Structural Analysis Among a New Sample of High-Risk Youths

Violence and Victims ◽

10.1891/0886-6708.4.2.121 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 121-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

Richard Dembo ◽

Linda Williams ◽

Lawrence La Voie ◽

Estrellita Berry ◽

Alan Getreu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexual Abuse ◽

High Risk ◽

Drug Use ◽

Physical Abuse ◽

Structural Model ◽

Sexual Victimization ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Illicit Drug Use ◽

Care Providers ◽

Physical And Sexual Abuse

Mounting evidence of serious adverse consequences of childhood physical and sexual abuse has important implications for public health officials and care providers. Given the potential impact on social policy of this area of inquiry, programmatic research is needed for the validation of theoretical models across populations and over time. This study, based on a sample of high-risk youths, replicates a structural model that specified the influence of child physical and sexual abuse on self-derogation and drug use. Results suggest that for male and female youths, physical abuse and sexual victimization had a direct effect on self-derogation and illicit drug use, and an indirect effect on drug use that was mediated by self-derogation. Moreover, structural coefficients for the model were found to be identical across gender. Subsequent analyses demonstrated the equivalence of the structural model of child physical and sexual abuse on drug use across two study cohorts. Implications for the identification and treatment of youths in high-risk groups are discussed.

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