Correlation between condition factor and total lipid content in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., parr

1991 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. HERBINGER ◽  
G. W. FRIARS
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Parr–Smolt Transformation in Female and Sexually Mature Male Anadromous and Nonanadromous Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 680-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim P. Birt ◽  
John M. Green
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Sexually Mature ◽  
Mature Male Parr

The parr–smolt transformation was compared in cultured Newfoundland male and female anadromous and nonanadromous Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Seasonal patterns of decreasing total lipid content and condition factor accompanied by increasing moisture content, silvering, and branchial Na+-K+ ATPase activity indicate that smoltification occurred only in immature anadromous females. Previously mature anadromous males did not smoitify. In general, smoltification did not occur in nonanadromous salmon. Chloride cell length did not increase in any group with smoltification. The lack of smoltification in previously mature male parr of anadromous stock is consistent with reports of small numbers of male salmon in smolt runs in many Newfoundland rivers.

Seawater Adaptation and Parr–Smolt Transformation of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Farmer ◽  
J. A. Ritter ◽  
D. Ashfield
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Seawater Adaptation ◽  
Migratory Activity ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Seawater adaptation of 1- and 2-yr-old Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, presmolts and smolts was assessed during exposure to salinity increasing from 0.1 to 31‰ by examining changes in the osmotic concentration of their serum, urine, and intestinal fluid. Both age-classes adapted to seawater equally well; the marine osmoregulatory mechanisms apparently function before completion of parr–smolt transformation. Adaptation was possible during the parr stage for fish exceeding 12–13 cm fork length. The timing of transformation was synchronous for 1- and 2-yr-old juveniles as demonstrated by changes in their lipid and moisture content and condition factor (K). Condition factor of juveniles at the Mactaquac Hatchery, New Brunswick (45°58′N), decreased from February until the second half of May, while lipid content decreased from February until the second half of June. Migratory activity of juveniles at this location was maximal during the second half of May coincident with attainment of minimum K values and decreased during the first half of June as K values increased. While timing of changes in lipid and moisture content and K values were similar for juveniles at the Mersey Hatchery, Nova Scotia (44°10′N), lipid content of fish at the more southerly station decreased at a greater rate and migratory activity was apparent earlier. This was probably attributable to the advanced temperature cycle at that location. Smolt-release dates are discussed in terms of the development of the marine osmoregulatory mechanisms and the timing of parr–smolt transformation. Key words: Atlantic salmon, seawater adaptation, parr–smolt transformation, migration, hatchery management

Some physiologic distinctions between freshwater and diadromous forms of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1165-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Barbour ◽  
E. T. Garside
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Temperature Cycles ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Freshwater Salmon

Parr of the diadromous and freshwater forms of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were cultured through the smolt stage in photoperiod and temperature cycles that were delayed 3 months relative to those in nature. Such environmental manipulations caused a delay of approximately 3 months in smoltification of diadromous parr, as measured by changes in water and lipid content and salinity tolerance. These changes did not occur in parr of freshwater salmon exposed to the same modified photoperiod and temperature cycle. The implications of this are discussed.

Muscle lipid content determines the eating quality of smoked and cooked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Aquaculture ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 345-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.H.F Robb ◽  
S.C Kestin ◽  
P.D Warriss ◽  
G.R Nute
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Muscle Lipid ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Winter temperature and food quality affect age at maturity: an experimental test with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 1817-1826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bror Jonsson ◽  
Anders G. Finstad ◽  
Nina Jonsson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Food Quality ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Winter Temperature ◽  
Age At Maturity ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Field studies have revealed that many ectotherms mature younger and smaller in warmer environments although they grow faster. This has puzzled ecologists because the direct effect of factors that accelerate growth is expected to be larger, not smaller size. We tested this experimentally for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at two winter temperatures and diets. Logistic regression revealed that the probability of maturation during the second year in sea water, relative to the probability of older maturation, increased with temperature and growth rate during the first winter. Also, large size and high condition factor 1 year prior to maturation stimulated maturation. In females, a high lipid diet increased the probability of maturation as one-sea-winter fish, and there were significant interactions between winter temperature and food quality and between body size and condition factor the first autumn in sea water. Thus, if the direct effect of temperature on growth rate is the main effect of warming, salmon are likely to attain maturity younger and smaller. Also, richer food decreased age at maturation in females. This finding has consequences for interpretations of climate change impacts on age at maturity in Atlantic salmon and may also hold for many other ectotherm species.

Activity, Respiration, and Excretion of Ammonia by Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Smolt and Postsmolt

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 790-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Wiggs ◽  
E. B. Henderson ◽  
R. L. Saunders ◽  
M. N. Kutty
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Substantial Change ◽  
Increased Activity

Spontaneous activity, oxygen consumption, and excretion of ammonia by juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were measured over 17 wk as the appearance of the fish changed from early smolt to smolt and then postsmolt. A substantial change in routine oxygen consumption from 66 to 148 mL∙kg−1∙h−1 was primarily correlated with the increase in activity. An initial increase in ammonia excretion from about 5 to about 14 mL∙kg−1∙h−1 was largely correlated with the decline in condition factor from 0.99 to 0.79 suggesting that increased metabolic needs caused by the increased activity were not being met by the amount of food ingested. This is supported by the secondary increase in condition factor (C.F. = 0.93) and decrease in ammonia excretion (to about 7 mg∙kg−1∙h−1) that occurred after the meal size was increased.

Effect of 6-, 12-, and 18-month Photoperiod Cycles on Smolting and Sexual Maturation in Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 2273-2280 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Duston ◽  
R. L. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Sexually Mature ◽  
Mature Male Parr ◽  
Modal Group

The results support the hypothesis that the commencement of smolting can occur during the decreasing phase of the annual photoperiod cycle, and sexual maturation during the increasing phase of the cycle, provided individuals have attained certain (unknown) growth thresholds. Thereafter the completion of smolting is entrained by the increasing phase of the photoperiod cycle, and sexual maturation by the decreasing phase. Three groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were raised in freshwater for over 2 yr from the eyed egg stage under photoperiod cycles of either 6-, 12- (control), or 18-mo periodicity and an ambient 12-mo temperature cycle. Smolting was judged by changes in salinity tolerance and condition factor. All groups developed bimodal length–frequency distributions by December following hatch. Fish continued to be recruited into the upper modal group (UMG) beyond the shortest day of the photoperiod cycle, providing temperature was not limiting growth. The 6-, 12-, and 18-mo photoperiod cycles resulted in approximately 50, 60, and 100% of the populations being recruited into the UMG. Sexually mature male parr (1 + yr old) occurred only in the lower modal group of the 6- and 12-mo groups.

Contrasts in development and smolting of genetically distinct sympatric anadromous and nonanadromous Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 2075-2084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim P. Birt ◽  
John M. Green ◽  
William S. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Breeding Populations

Parameters associated with the parr–smolt transformation were compared in cultured 1+ anadromous and nonanadromous Atlantic salmon derived from wild broodstock collected in Gambo River, Newfoundland. Progeny of nonanadromous salmon were significantly longer at swim-up than progeny of anadromous salmon, although consistent differences in growth performance were not observed during most of the 1 st year of development. Anadromous salmon grew more rapidly than nonanadromous salmon in the spring months during the smolting period. Distinct differences were noted between groups in seasonal levels of body silvering, gill Na+–K+ ATPase activity, and size and number of gill chloride cells. Most male nonanadromous salmon matured as "post-smolts," whereas maturation was not observed among female nonanadromous nor among either sex in the anadromous group. Differences between anadromous and nonanadromous salmon were not observed in seasonal levels of body moisture, plasma Na+ and Cl−, condition factor, or salinity tolerance. Differences noted between groups are probably genetic in nature and suggest that the two forms of salmon in Gambo River represent separate breeding populations.

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