Some physiologic distinctions between freshwater and diadromous forms of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1165-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Barbour ◽  
E. T. Garside
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Temperature Cycles ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Freshwater Salmon

Parr of the diadromous and freshwater forms of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were cultured through the smolt stage in photoperiod and temperature cycles that were delayed 3 months relative to those in nature. Such environmental manipulations caused a delay of approximately 3 months in smoltification of diadromous parr, as measured by changes in water and lipid content and salinity tolerance. These changes did not occur in parr of freshwater salmon exposed to the same modified photoperiod and temperature cycle. The implications of this are discussed.

Seawater Adaptation and Parr–Smolt Transformation of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Farmer ◽  
J. A. Ritter ◽  
D. Ashfield
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Seawater Adaptation ◽  
Migratory Activity ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Seawater adaptation of 1- and 2-yr-old Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, presmolts and smolts was assessed during exposure to salinity increasing from 0.1 to 31‰ by examining changes in the osmotic concentration of their serum, urine, and intestinal fluid. Both age-classes adapted to seawater equally well; the marine osmoregulatory mechanisms apparently function before completion of parr–smolt transformation. Adaptation was possible during the parr stage for fish exceeding 12–13 cm fork length. The timing of transformation was synchronous for 1- and 2-yr-old juveniles as demonstrated by changes in their lipid and moisture content and condition factor (K). Condition factor of juveniles at the Mactaquac Hatchery, New Brunswick (45°58′N), decreased from February until the second half of May, while lipid content decreased from February until the second half of June. Migratory activity of juveniles at this location was maximal during the second half of May coincident with attainment of minimum K values and decreased during the first half of June as K values increased. While timing of changes in lipid and moisture content and K values were similar for juveniles at the Mersey Hatchery, Nova Scotia (44°10′N), lipid content of fish at the more southerly station decreased at a greater rate and migratory activity was apparent earlier. This was probably attributable to the advanced temperature cycle at that location. Smolt-release dates are discussed in terms of the development of the marine osmoregulatory mechanisms and the timing of parr–smolt transformation. Key words: Atlantic salmon, seawater adaptation, parr–smolt transformation, migration, hatchery management

Parr–Smolt Transformation of Yearling Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) at Several Rearing Temperatures

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 1189-1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Johnston ◽  
R. L. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Thermal Effluent ◽  
Thermal Regimes

Six different rearing conditions were used to study the effect of temperature on seasonal changes in growth, condition factor, body silvering, body moisture and lipid content, salinity tolerance, and gill Na–K-ATPase activities of laboratory and pond-reared yearling Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Growth during the winter was greatest at the highest rearing temperature (16 °C) whereas those under simulated natural conditions grew slowest. Increasing temperatures in the spring stimulated growth more than constant temperature. Based on increased salinity tolerance, elevated ATPase activity, and growth in salt water, smolt development proceeded at all temperatures up to 16 °C. More smolts were produced in the high thermal regimes resulting in the best growth and the largest proportion of fish reaching smolt size. Unlike some Pacific salmonids, Atlantic salmon develop smolt status at temperatures as high as 16 °C. Yearling smolts can be produced at elevated temperatures and the use of thermal effluents for this purpose is promising.Key words: smoltification, smolt criteria, salinity tolerance, ATPase activity, rearing temperatures, elevated thermal regimes, thermal effluent, Salmo salar

Muscle lipid content determines the eating quality of smoked and cooked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Aquaculture ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 345-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.H.F Robb ◽  
S.C Kestin ◽  
P.D Warriss ◽  
G.R Nute
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Muscle Lipid ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Photoperiod Control of Parr–Smolt Transformation in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar): Changes in Salinity Tolerance, Gill Na+,K+-ATPase Activity, and Plasma Thyroid Hormones

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1462-1468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. McCormick ◽  
Richard L. Saunders ◽  
Eugene B. Henderson ◽  
Paul R. Harmon
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Photoperiod Control

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were subjected to artificial photoperiods to determine the manner and extent of photoperiod control of the parr–smolt transformation. Exposure to continuous light (L24) at first feeding and maintained throughout the rearing period inhibited increases in salinity tolerance and gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity that occurred in spring in fish raised under simulated natural photoperiod (SNP). Fish reared under continuous light and returned to SNP in October (L24OCT) underwent normal increases in salinity tolerance and gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity, whereas those returned in December (L24DEC) underwent delayed and intermediate increases. Plasma thyroxine peaks occurred simultaneously in all groups but were diminished in the L24 and L24DEC groups. Plasma 3,5,3′-triiodo-L-thyronine levels were not affected by any photoperiod treatment. Inhibition of the parr–smolt transformation decreased the potential for growth in seawater. In spite of changes in the timing of the transformation induced by photoperiod treatment, salinity tolerance and gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity were strongly correlated; correlation between changes in salinity tolerance and plasma thyroid hormones were, by comparison, weak. The results demonstrate that continuous light applied early in ontogeny and maintained throughout the rearing period inhibits osmoregulatory changes associated with parr–smolt transformation, whereas increasing day length during winter–spring stimulates transformation.

Development of salinity tolerance in underyearling smolts of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared under different photoperiods

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åse I. Berge ◽  
Arne Berg ◽  
Trygg Barnung ◽  
Tom Hansen ◽  
Hans Jørgen Fyhn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Short Photoperiod ◽  
Subsequent Reduction ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Natural Photoperiod

Groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), first fed in mid-February 1989, were reared under continuous light (LL) at 12–15 °C until late June. One group remained on LL, while the FEB, MAR, and MAY groups were subjected to segments of a simulated naturally increasing photoperiod (61°N), with initial daylength corresponding to February 1, March 15, and May 1, respectively. The MAR and FEB groups developed important smolt characters (increase in gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity, hypoosmoregulatory ability, and salinity tolerance) during the experiment whereas LL and MAY groups showed only incomplete changes in smolt status. The combination of continuous light during first feeding and early parr stages with a subsequent reduction to short daylength followed by a segment of simulated natural photoperiod allow important parts of the parr–smolt transformation to be completed. The period of exposure to short photoperiod is critical for the synchronization of smolt characters in underyearling Atlantic salmon.

Effect of 6-, 12-, and 18-month Photoperiod Cycles on Smolting and Sexual Maturation in Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 2273-2280 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Duston ◽  
R. L. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Sexually Mature ◽  
Mature Male Parr ◽  
Modal Group

The results support the hypothesis that the commencement of smolting can occur during the decreasing phase of the annual photoperiod cycle, and sexual maturation during the increasing phase of the cycle, provided individuals have attained certain (unknown) growth thresholds. Thereafter the completion of smolting is entrained by the increasing phase of the photoperiod cycle, and sexual maturation by the decreasing phase. Three groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were raised in freshwater for over 2 yr from the eyed egg stage under photoperiod cycles of either 6-, 12- (control), or 18-mo periodicity and an ambient 12-mo temperature cycle. Smolting was judged by changes in salinity tolerance and condition factor. All groups developed bimodal length–frequency distributions by December following hatch. Fish continued to be recruited into the upper modal group (UMG) beyond the shortest day of the photoperiod cycle, providing temperature was not limiting growth. The 6-, 12-, and 18-mo photoperiod cycles resulted in approximately 50, 60, and 100% of the populations being recruited into the UMG. Sexually mature male parr (1 + yr old) occurred only in the lower modal group of the 6- and 12-mo groups.

Contrasts in development and smolting of genetically distinct sympatric anadromous and nonanadromous Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 2075-2084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim P. Birt ◽  
John M. Green ◽  
William S. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Breeding Populations

Parameters associated with the parr–smolt transformation were compared in cultured 1+ anadromous and nonanadromous Atlantic salmon derived from wild broodstock collected in Gambo River, Newfoundland. Progeny of nonanadromous salmon were significantly longer at swim-up than progeny of anadromous salmon, although consistent differences in growth performance were not observed during most of the 1 st year of development. Anadromous salmon grew more rapidly than nonanadromous salmon in the spring months during the smolting period. Distinct differences were noted between groups in seasonal levels of body silvering, gill Na+–K+ ATPase activity, and size and number of gill chloride cells. Most male nonanadromous salmon matured as "post-smolts," whereas maturation was not observed among female nonanadromous nor among either sex in the anadromous group. Differences between anadromous and nonanadromous salmon were not observed in seasonal levels of body moisture, plasma Na+ and Cl−, condition factor, or salinity tolerance. Differences noted between groups are probably genetic in nature and suggest that the two forms of salmon in Gambo River represent separate breeding populations.

scholarly journals Effects of spawning Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar ) on total lipid content and fatty acid composition of river food webs

Ecosphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. e01818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt M. Samways ◽  
Tammy J. Blair ◽  
Michelle A. Charest ◽  
Richard A. Cunjak
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Changes in Gill ATPase Activity and Smolt Status of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 1542-1546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Saunders ◽  
Eugene B. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Photoperiod Regime ◽  
Natural Photoperiod ◽  
Salmon Smolt ◽  
Photoperiod Manipulation

Gill Na+K+-activated ATPase activity increased during winter–spring in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) held at 10 °C and subjected to simulated natural or reciprocal (light/dark ratio opposite that of natural) photoperiods. ATPase activity increased earlier and was greater under the reciprocal than under the natural photoperiod regime. Body lipid decreased and moisture content increased sooner and more sharply in reciprocal than in natural photoperiod fish. Salinity tolerance (to 40‰) increased between March and April. Exposure to 40‰ salinity for periods up to 14 d gave marked increases in ATPase activity over levels measured in freshwater. Gill ATPase activity is a sensitive indicator of the ability of Atlantic salmon to osmoregulate in seawater. Together with lipid-moisture content, tolerance to high salinity, and migratory behavior, gill ATPase activity provides a valid indication of smolt readiness to migrate to sea. Key words: smolt criteria, photoperiod manipulation, Atlantic salmon, smolt physiology, salinity tolerance, osmoregulation

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