A CONTROL OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL MAGNETIC INTERPRETATION BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL BODY ANOMALIES*

1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
HANS-JURGEN LEHMANN
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Magnetic Interpretation

Clinical experience of using virtual 3D modelling for pre and intraoperative guidance during robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy

2021 ◽  
pp. 205141582110002
Author(s):  
Lorenz Berger ◽  
Aziz Gulamhusein ◽  
Eoin Hyde ◽  
Matt Gibb ◽  
Teele Kuusk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Partial Nephrectomy ◽  
Surgical Outcome ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Robotic Assisted ◽  
Robotic Assisted Partial Nephrectomy

Objective: Surgical planning for robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy is widely performed using two-dimensional computed tomography images. It is unclear to what extent two-dimensional images fully simulate surgical anatomy and case complexity. To overcome these limitations, software has been developed to reconstruct three-dimensional models from computed tomography data. We present the results of a feasibility study, to explore the role and practicality of virtual three-dimensional modelling (by Innersight Labs) in the context of surgical utility for preoperative and intraoperative use, as well as improving patient involvement. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on patients undergoing robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy at our high volume kidney cancer centre. Approval from a research ethics committee was obtained. Patient demographics and tumour characteristics were collected. Surgical outcome measures were recorded. The value of the three-dimensional model to the surgeon and patient was assessed using a survey. The prospective cohort was compared against a retrospective cohort and cases were individually matched using RENAL (radius, exophytic/endophytic, nearness to collecting system or sinus, anterior/posterior, location relative to polar lines) scores. Results: This study included 22 patients. Three-dimensional modelling was found to be safe for this prospective cohort and resulted in good surgical outcome measures. The mean (standard deviation) console time was 158.6 (35) min and warm ischaemia time was 17.3 (6.3) min. The median (interquartile range) estimated blood loss was 125 (50–237.5) ml. Two procedures were converted to radical nephrectomy due to the risk of positive margins during resection. The median (interquartile range) length of stay was 2 (2–3) days. No postoperative complications were noted and all patients had negative surgical margins. Patients reported improved understanding of their procedure using the three-dimensional model. Conclusion: This study shows the potential benefit of three-dimensional modelling technology with positive uptake from surgeons and patients. Benefits are improved perception of vascular anatomy and resection approach, and procedure understanding by patients. A randomised controlled trial is needed to evaluate the technology further. Level of evidence: 2b

Blast load simulation using conical shock tube systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Ismail ◽  
Mohamed Ezzeldin ◽  
Wael El-Dakhakhni ◽  
Michael Tait
Keyword(s):  
Shock Tube ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Civil Infrastructure ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Blast Loads ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Tube System ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Conical Shock

With the increased frequency of accidental and deliberate explosions, evaluating the response of civil infrastructure systems to blast loading has been attracting the interests of the research and regulatory communities. However, with the high cost and complex safety and logistical issues associated with field explosives testing, North American blast-resistant construction standards (e.g. ASCE 59-11 and CSA S850-12) recommend the use of shock tubes to simulate blast loads and evaluate relevant structural response. This study first aims at developing a simplified two-dimensional axisymmetric shock tube model, implemented in ANSYS Fluent, a computational fluid dynamics software, and then validating the model using the classical Sod’s shock tube problem solution, as well as available shock tube experimental test results. Subsequently, the developed model is compared to a more complex three-dimensional model and the results show that there is negligible difference between the two models for axisymmetric shock tube performance simulation; however, the three-dimensional model is necessary to simulate non-axisymmetric shock tubes. Following the model validation, extensive analyses are performed to evaluate the influences of shock tube design parameters (e.g. the driver section pressure and length and the expansion section length) on blast wave characteristics to facilitate a shock tube design that would generate shock waves similar to those experienced by civil infrastructure components under blast loads. The results show that the peak reflected pressure increases as the driver pressure increases, while a decrease in the expansion length increases the peak reflected pressure. In addition, the positive phase duration increases as both the driver length and expansion length are increased. Finally, the developed two-dimensional axisymmetric model is used to optimize the dimensions of a physical large-scale conical shock tube system constructed for civil infrastructure component blast response evaluation applications. The capabilities of such shock tube system are further investigated by correlating its design parameters to a range of explosion threats identified by different hemispherical TNT charge weight and distance scenarios.

Eclectic modelling of the North Atlantic. II. Transient tracers and the ventilation of the Eastern Basin thermocline

1988 ◽  
Vol 325 (1583) ◽  
pp. 201-236 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Ekman Pumping ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Oxygen Utilization ◽  
The North ◽  
Time Histories ◽  
Weak Constraints

Renewal rates of the waters of the thermocline in the eastern North Atlantic are estimated by combining linear quasi-geostrophic dynamics with steady and transient tracers into a unified eclectic, reservoir model. The two-dimensional model first employed is finally rejected when it is found that it generates oxygen-utilization rates (OUR) that are, by conventional biological wisdom, too high. The three-dimensional model that replaces the two-dimensional one shows that the our is indeterminate, with possible ranges from zero to unacceptably high values. The region is flushed primarily from the north and east. The problem of using transient tracers is mathematically equivalent to that of distributed-system boundary-control theory, the open-ocean boundary conditions playing the role of the unknown control variables. The missing time histories of this new set of unknowns means that tritium and helium-3 distributions are only comparatively weak constraints on the flow field, but do set upper bounds on the vertical exchange with surface waters. Surface Ekman pumping is adequate to explain the interior distributions without additional buoyancy ventilation, although this latter process is possible. Some speculation is made about conditions under which transient tracers might play a more definitive role.

Static three-dimensional modelling of pneumatic tyres using the technique of element overlaying

2002 ◽  
Vol 216 (9) ◽  
pp. 709-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Pelc
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Load ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Tyre Model ◽  
Radial Stiffness ◽  
Rubber Composite ◽  
Stiffness Characteristics ◽  
Incompressible Rubber

The aim of the paper is to propose and verify an effective method for the realistic modelling of pneumatic tyres. A static, three-dimensional model of a pneumatic tyre, based on the finite element (FE) program MARC, is presented. The cord-rubber composite was modelled by overlaying the elements characterizing the cord and those representing incompressible rubber. A two-dimensional model was used to simulate the tyre mounting and inflation process. The model was then developed into a three-dimensional one. The displacements, radial stiffness and delamination stresses caused by the vertical load were determined. The shape of the tyre footprint and the pressure distribution in this zone were also predicted. Good correlation between measured and computed stiffness characteristics was observed. The proposed technique of element overlaying yields a tyre model that is numerically more stable than that using only orthotropic elements (very stiff cord merged with compliant rubber).

scholarly journals A system for three-dimensional gaze fixation analysis using eye tracking glasses

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryo Takahashi ◽  
Hiromasa Suzuki ◽  
Jouh Yeong Chew ◽  
Yutaka Ohtake ◽  
Yukie Nagai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Prototype System ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Heat Maps ◽  
Gaze Fixation ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Two Dimensional Images

Abstract Eye tracking is a technology that has quickly become a commonplace tool for evaluating package and webpage design. In such design processes, static two-dimensional images are shown on a computer screen while a subject's gaze where he or she looks is measured via an eye tracking device. The collected gaze fixation data are then visualized and analyzed via gaze plots and heat maps. Such evaluations using two-dimensional images are often too limited to analyze gaze on three-dimensional physical objects such as products because users look at them not from a single point of view but rather from various angles. Therefore in this study we propose methods for collecting gaze fixation data for a three-dimensional model of a given product and visualizing corresponding gaze plots and heat maps also in three dimensions. To achieve our goals, we used a wearable eye-tracking device, i.e., eye-tracking glasses. Further, we implemented a prototype system to demonstrate its advantages in comparison with two-dimensional gaze fixation methods. Highlights Proposing a method for collecting gaze fixation data for a three-dimensional model of a given product. Proposing two visualization methods for three dimensional gaze data; gaze plots and heat maps. Proposed system was applied to two practical examples of hair dryer and car interior.

Bridging Gaps in Laser Transmission Welding of Thermoplastics

2007 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 1011-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Van de Ven ◽  
Arthur G. Erdman
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Strain ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Weld Strength ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Laser Transmission Welding ◽  
Absorbing Material

Gaps at part interfaces pose a major challenge for laser transmission welding (LTW) of thermoplastics due to the reliance on contact conduction between the absorptive and transmissive parts. In industrial applications, gaps between parts can occur for a variety of tolerance and process control reasons. Previous experimental and modeling work in LTW has focused on gap-free joints, with little attention to bridging a gap with thermal expansion of the absorbing material. A two-dimensional comprehensive numerical model simulated bridging gaps in LTW. Using the model, operating parameters were selected for welding across a 12.7μm gap and a 25.4μm gap by creating sufficient thermal strain to bridge the gap and form a weld. Using these operating parameters, PVC samples were welded in a T-joint geometry with a designed gap. The quality of the welds was assessed visually, by destructive force testing and by measuring the weld size to quantify the weld strength. All the experimental samples, for the two gap sizes, bridged the gap and formed welds. The average weld strength of the 12.7μm gap samples was 16.1MPa, while the 25.4μm gap samples had an average strength of 10.0MPa. Gaps were successfully bridged with LTW by using a two-dimensional model to design the operating parameters. To achieve higher modeling accuracy, a three-dimensional model might better simulate the thermal diffusion in the direction of laser travel.

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