Microbial Flora Associated with Louisiana Processed Frozen and Fresh Nutria (Myocastor Coypus) Carcasses

Various concentrations of hypochlorite (12.5 to 200 ppm) and sodium bisulfite (0.15 to 2.50%) applied singly and as successive dips were compared for their effect on the microbial flora of shrimp. It was found that sodium bisulfite exhibited antimicrobial activity at all concentrations tested, with a 50% reduction in bacterial numbers at a concentration of 2.5%. Hypochlorite reduced the bacterial load 75% at a concentration of 200 ppm. Under certain conditions a sequential treatment of shrimp with bisulfite, followed by a hypochlorite dip, significantly increased the antimicrobial effectiveness of the hypochlorite. This synergistic effect, however, was not apparent on shrimp following 24 h of iced storage.

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Effect of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Oral Health

Dental Journal of Advance Studies ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1722523 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Goutam Nanavati ◽

T. Prasanth ◽

Manab Kosala ◽

Sujit K. Bhandari ◽

Pamil Banotra

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Microbial Flora ◽

Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽

Food Ingredients ◽

Multifactorial Diseases ◽

Probiotic Strains ◽

Reducing Bacteria ◽

Nitrate Reducing Bacteria

AbstractProbiotics are the living microorganisms that have been commonly used in the prevention of gastrointestinal disorders. In recent times, probiotic and prebiotics have been used to assess and develop a natural balance of the microbial flora in the respiratory tract and the oral cavity as an adjunct therapy. They are known to augment the existing microbial flora that is beneficial to the host. Prebiotics are nondigestible food ingredients that help in increasing populations of probiotic bacteria. Recent studies have shown that probiotics help in active reduction in gingivitis, dental caries, periodontitis, and halitosis by replacing the harmful oral species, by means of utilizing abundant health-associated oral microbial species. Additionally, the nitrate-reducing bacteria have shown promising effect in improving efficiency of probiotic strains to accentuate oral health benefits. Probiotics along with prebiotics effectively alter the host–microbial interface by achieving homeostasis in multifactorial diseases such as periodontal diseases and oral malodor. The aim of the review is to collate the existing information available on use of probiotics and prebiotics in oral cavity.

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Cryptosporidium myocastoris n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae), the Species Adapted to the Nutria (Myocastor coypus)

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9040813 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 813

Author(s):

Jana Ježková ◽

Zlata Limpouchová ◽

Jitka Prediger ◽

Nikola Holubová ◽

Bohumil Sak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Prepatent Period ◽

Cryptosporidium Species ◽

The Novel ◽

Myocastor Coypus ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Molecular Analyses ◽

Cryptosporidium Spp ◽

Faecal Samples

Cryptosporidium spp., common parasites of vertebrates, remain poorly studied in wildlife. This study describes the novel Cryptosporidium species adapted to nutrias (Myocastor coypus). A total of 150 faecal samples of feral nutria were collected from locations in the Czech Republic and Slovakia and examined for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and specific DNA at the SSU, actin, HSP70, and gp60 loci. Molecular analyses revealed the presence of C. parvum (n = 1), C. ubiquitum subtype family XIId (n = 5) and Cryptosporidium myocastoris n. sp. XXIIa (n = 2), and XXIIb (n = 3). Only nutrias positive for C. myocastoris shed microscopically detectable oocysts, which measured 4.8–5.2 × 4.7–5.0 µm, and oocysts were infectious for experimentally infected nutrias with a prepatent period of 5–6 days, although not for mice, gerbils, or chickens. The infection was localised in jejunum and ileum without observable macroscopic changes. The microvilli adjacent to attached stages responded by elongating. Clinical signs were not observed in naturally or experimentally infected nutrias. Phylogenetic analyses at SSU, actin, and HSP70 loci demonstrated that C. myocastoris n. sp. is distinct from other valid Cryptosporidium species.

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