Lead dust in Broken Hill homes - a potential hazard for young children?

The guidelines for age-labeling of children's toy and playgrounds are summarized. Two different published standards for the design of merry-go-rounds, home and public playground standards, are compared and contrasted. 120 children between the ages of 3 and 6 yr. old participated in the investigation of home merry-go-rounds. It was determined children within this age range had the motor and social interaction skills to operate a two-person home merry-go-round. Although the children are able to rotate the merry-go-round successfully, a potential hazard was identified during the normal use of the merry-go-round. The children's feet and lower legs could contact the stationary base of the merry-go-round after their feet slipped off the footrest during rotation. The home merry-go-round standards permit openings in the rotating platform, and the public merry-go-round standards do not permit openings in the rotating platform. The elimination of such openings prevents contact between the stationary platform and the child's lower limbs. The potential for impact injuries with the stationary base would be eliminated if public playground standards would be applied to home merry-go-rounds.

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Dealing with lead in Broken Hill—Trends in blood lead levels in young children 1991–2003

The Science of The Total Environment ◽

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.04.022 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 359 (1-3) ◽

pp. 111-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

D.M. Lyle ◽

A.R. Phillips ◽

W.A. Balding ◽

H. Burke ◽

D. Stokes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Blood Lead Levels ◽

Broken Hill ◽

Lead Levels

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Is Time Spent Outside the Family Home a Risk Factor for Lead Exposure in Pre-School Children Living in Broken Hill?

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18157721 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (15) ◽

pp. 7721

Author(s):

David M. Lyle ◽

Frances T. Boreland ◽

Najeebullah Soomro ◽

Melinda Glisson-Gladman

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Risk Behaviour ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Weekly Basis ◽

Safe Level ◽

Broken Hill ◽

The Family ◽

Hazard And Risk ◽

Family Home ◽

Lead Hazards

Broken Hill is amongst a group of communities internationally that are at greater risk from lead due to active or historical lead industries. Current evidence suggests there is no safe level of lead for young children. This paper describes places outside the family home where young Broken Hill children spend time and considers the potential for this to contribute to lead risk. We interviewed 65 families of children 3 years old or younger and detailed the top five places children spent time at outside the family home. Exposure to private residences outside the family home was recorded for most (88%) young children. Nearly two thirds stayed there five or more hours per week. Most children went there on a weekly basis over many months (median, 12 months), increasing the likelihood of exposure to lead hazards. Further investigation of the lead hazard and risk behaviour of children at these residences would assist in developing guidelines for remediation of the lead hazard for all private residences in Broken Hill. This approach to elucidating the potential sources and pathways of lead and other heavy metal exposures for young children may have merit in other settings where comprehensive zonal remediation is not feasible or may not be warranted.

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Development of a Rapid Survey Method of Sampling and Analysis for Asbestos in Ambient Air

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100096400 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 630-631 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. E. Heffelfinger ◽

C. W. Melton ◽

D. L. Kiefer ◽

W. M. Henry ◽

R. J. Thompson

Keyword(s):

Neutron Activation ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Survey Method ◽

Potential Hazard ◽

Transmission Microscopy ◽

Comparative Analyses ◽

Asbestos Fibers ◽

Controlled Conditions ◽

Unequivocal Identification ◽

Identification And Quantification

A methodology has been developed and demonstrated which is capable of determining total amounts of asbestos fibers and fibrils in air ranging from as low as fractional nanograms per cubic meter (ng/m3) of air to several micrograms/m3. The method involves the collection of samples on an absolute filter and provides an unequivocal identification and quantification of the total asbestos contents including fibrils in the collected samples.The developed method depends on the trituration under controlled conditions to reduce the fibers to fibrils, separation of the asbestos fibrils from other collected air particulates (beneficiation), and the use of transmission microscopy for identification and quantification. Its validity has been tested by comparative analyses by neutron activation techniques. It can supply the data needed to set emissions criteria and to serve as a basis for assessing the potential hazard for asbestos pollution to the populace.

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The Modification of Hypernasality in Young Children

Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools ◽

10.1044/0161-1461.1501.37 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 37-43 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Moya L. Andrews ◽

Sarah J. Tardy ◽

Lisa G. Pasternak

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Voice Therapy

This paper presents an approach to voice therapy programming for young children who are hypernasal. Some general principles underlying the approach are presented and discussed.

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Lexical Comprehension in Young Children With Developmental Delays

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology ◽

10.1044/1058-0360.0301.79 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 79-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Theresa A. Kouri

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Developmental Delays ◽

Normal Development ◽

Clinical Applications ◽

Group Status ◽

Novel Object ◽

Related Information ◽

Comprehension Skills ◽

Lexical Items ◽

Lexical Concepts

Lexical comprehension skills were examined in 20 young children (aged 28–45 months) with developmental delays (DD) and 20 children (aged 19–34 months) with normal development (ND). Each was assigned to either a story-like script condition or a simple ostensive labeling condition in which the names of three novel object and action items were presented over two experimental sessions. During the experimental sessions, receptive knowledge of the lexical items was assessed through a series of target and generalization probes. Results indicated that all children, irrespective of group status, acquired more lexical concepts in the ostensive labeling condition than in the story narrative condition. Overall, both groups acquired more object than action words, although subjects with ND comprehended more action words than subjects with DD. More target than generalization items were also comprehended by both groups. It is concluded that young children’s comprehension of new lexical concepts is facilitated more by a context in which simple ostensive labels accompany the presentation of specific objects and actions than one in which objects and actions are surrounded by thematic and event-related information. Various clinical applications focusing on the lexical training of young children with DD are discussed.

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Eliciting Verbs From Children With Specific Language Impairment

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology ◽

10.1044/1058-0360.0504.17 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 17-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Diane Frome Loeb ◽

Clifton Pye ◽

Sean Redmond ◽

Lori Zobel Richardson

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Language Impairment ◽

Specific Language Impairment ◽

Syntactic Complexity ◽

Specific Language ◽

Lexical Skills

The focus of assessment and intervention is often aimed at increasing the lexical skills of young children with language impairment. Frequently, the use of nouns is the center of the lexical assessment. As a result, the production of verbs is not fully evaluated or integrated into treatment in a way that accounts for their semantic and syntactic complexity. This paper presents a probe for eliciting verbs from children, describes its effectiveness, and discusses the utility of and problems associated with developing such a probe.

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Productivity of Emerging Word Combinations in Toddlers With Specific Expressive Language Impairment

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology ◽

10.1044/1058-0360.0604.34 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 34-47 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Steven H. Long ◽

Lesley B. Olswang ◽

Julianne Brian ◽

Philip S. Dale

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Young Children ◽

Language Impairment ◽

Treatment Approach ◽

Expressive Language ◽

Semantic Consistency ◽

Session Analysis

This study investigated whether young children with specific expressive language impairment (SELI) learn to combine words according to general positional rules or specific, grammatic relation rules. The language of 20 children with SELI (4 females, 16 males, mean age of 33 months, mean MLU of 1.34) was sampled weekly for 9 weeks. Sixteen of these children also received treatment for two-word combinations (agent+action or possessor+possession). Two different metrics were used to determine the productivity of combinatorial utterances. One metric assessed productivity based on positional consistency alone; another assessed productivity based on positional and semantic consistency. Data were analyzed session-by-session as well as cumulatively. The results suggest that these children learned to combine words according to grammatic relation rules. Results of the session-by-session analysis were less informative than those of the cumulative analysis. For children with SELI ready to make the transition to multiword utterances, these findings support a cumulative method of data collection and a treatment approach that targets specific grammatic relation rules rather than general word combinations.

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